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. 2024 Dec 21;15:496. doi: 10.1186/s13287-024-04111-6

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.

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Fig. 8 — The PTEN/PI3K/AKT/mTOR signalling pathway is involved in hypo-Exo-induced angiogenesis enhancement. A-D. Quantitative analysis of the proliferative and migratory capacities of ROMECs after transfection with PTEN siRNA or pcDNA-PTEN. E-F. Quantitative analysis of the tube formation ability of ROMECs after transfection with PTEN siRNA or pcDNA-PTEN. G-J. The relative mRNA expression of angiogenesis-promoting molecules (IGF-1, bFGF, TGF-β, and VEGF) in ROMECs after transfection with PTEN siRNA or pcDNA-PTEN. K. Quantitative analysis of PTEN mRNA expression in ROMECs after transfection with PTEN siRNA or pcDNA-PTEN or their corresponding controls as measured by qRT‒PCR. L. PTEN protein expression in ROMECs after transfection with PTEN siRNA or pcDNA-PTEN or their corresponding controls as detected by western blotting. M. Semiquantitative analysis of PTEN protein levels. N. Western blotting was performed to evaluate the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signalling pathway. O. Semiquantitative analysis of p-AKT protein expression. P. Semiquantitative analysis of p-mTOR protein expression. Q. Semiquantitative analysis of p-PI3K protein expression. *P < 0.05 for all figures. n = 3 for each group