Table 4.
Comparison of the features of natural and experimental animal TB with human pulmonary TB.
| Present in animals? | Human TB Features | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clinical features | Pathologic features | |||||||
| Latent infection | Primary progressive TB | Reactivation TB | TB pneumonia | Non-caseating granuloma | Caseating granuloma | Cavitary disease | ||
| Cattle | Yes (461–465) | Yes (334, 336–340, 461) | Not reported “naturally” but experimentally with recovery of M. bovis with or without treatment of animals with the “mycobacterial promoter resuscitation factor B (RpfB) protein” (462–464). | Yes (lipoid pneumonia) (29) | Not reported | Yes (336) | No (29, 266, 323) | |
| Elephants | Yes (352, 357, 359, 466) | Possible but unable to distinguish readily with reactivation TB. | Yes (352, 467) | Yes (349, 358) | Not reported | Yes (345, 347, 348, 354, 358) | Yes (348, 358) | |
| Zebrafish | Yes, with low-dose M. marinum infection (468) | Yes, with high-dose M. marinum (369) or with “cluster I” strain (isolated from humans with fish tank granuloma). Chronic disease with longer survival of the zebrafish is seen with infection with “cluster II” strain of M. marinum (469). | Yes, of latent infection with gamma-irradiation (468) | N/A | Yes (361) | Yes. With time, the central necrosis of the granulomas may be surrounded by a cellular and/or fibrotic cuff (168, 369). | N/A | |
| Mice | Used antibiotics to suppress Mtb but not kill them with ability to reactivate (Cornell model) (384). | Yes (34, 185, 374, 376, 383, 386). | Yes, with use of non-sterilizing antibiotic regimen (384) and with (premature) termination of antibiotic regimen (376). | Yes (295, 387). | Yes (383). | Yes, with the C3HeB/FeJ (Kramnik) mouse strain (34, 376), the CBA/J strain (470), or intraperitoneal immunization with Mtb and rechallenge (185). | Yes, in certain strains (C3HeB/FeJ and CBA/J) (386, 387). | |
| Guinea pigs | Yes, with use of antibiotics to suppress Mtb (402, 403). | Yes (325, 395, 401, 407, 471, 472). | Yes (405). | Yes (406, 473). | Yes (472). | Yes (325, 472). | Yes, sporadically (325, 372, 471). | |
| Rabbits | Yes, in the TB-resistant New Zealand white rabbits infected with Mtb CDC1551 (425). | Yes (420, 474). | Yes, glucocorticoid was used to cause reactivation TB in New Zealand white rabbits with latent TB infection (425). | Yes (474). | Yes (425). | Yes (323, 475). | Yes (323, 420, 431). | |
| Mini pigs | Yes (435, 436). | Yes (435, 436). | Unknown but potentially yes. | None reported | Yes (435, 436). | Yes (435, 436). | None reported. | |
| Goats | Yes. Goats inoculated with M. bovis in the airways did not develop clinical signs of infection when euthanized 5 months later; there were also M. bovis cultured from thoracic lymph nodes, calcified lesions in the lungs, and skin test confirmed bovine TB (438). | Yes (437, 476). | Yes (477). | Yes, with foamy macrophages (478). | None found. | Yes (437, 438, 477, 479). | Yes (437, 477). | |
| NHP | Yes, in rhesus and cynomolgus macaques (229, 452, 480). | Yes, in rhesus and cynomolgus macaques (226, 240, 451, 481–485). Yes, in marmosets (447, 486). | Yes, in both rhesus and cynomolgus macaques (229, 452, 480). Reactivation from latent infection can occur but is rare (<5%) (487). | Yes, in rhesus and cynomolgus macaques (226, 483, 487). Yes in marmosets (447). | Yes, in rhesus and cynomolgus macaques (482, 487). Yes, in marmosets (447). |
Yes, in rhesus and cynomolgus macaques (451, 452, 484). Yes, in marmosets (447). |
Yes, in rhesus and cynomolgus macaques (229, 451, 452, 485). Yes, in marmosets (447, 486). | |
| Differences between Rhesus and Philippine cynomolgus macaques with TB | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rhesus macaques | Cynomolgus macaques | |||||||
| More susceptible to Mtb with higher bacterial burden, greater signs of clinical disease, and slower progression of TB (240). | More resistant to Mtb with fewer symptoms, reduced dissemination of granulomas and slower progression of disease (240). | |||||||
| More gross pathology (240). | PET-CT shows reduced dissemination of granulomas, slower increase in lung inflammation, and fewer PET-positive/necrotic lymph nodes than rhesus macaques (240). Immunohistochemistry showed greater influx of macrophages, B cells, and T cells in most of the granuloma types than rhesus macaques (488). | |||||||
| More reliable model for active disease (240). | More reliable model for latent infection (452). | |||||||