Table 1.
Baseline characteristics.
| T2D (n = 340) |
Controls (n = 66) |
|
|---|---|---|
| Age (y) | 64 (58–69) * | 58 (54–65) |
| Male sex | 211 (62%) | 38 (58%) |
| Race | ||
| White | 259 (76%) | 53 (80%) |
| Asian | 70 (21%) | 12 (18%) |
| Other/mixed | 11 (3%) | 1 (2%) |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 29 (26–33) * | 26 (23–30) |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 127 ± 12 * | 123 ± 12 |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 74 ± 7 | 75 ± 8 |
| Heart rate (bpm) | 76 ± 13 * | 64 ± 9 |
| MVPA (min) | 10.5 (5.7–17.1) | 11.2 (6.2–20.8) |
| Medical history | ||
| Diabetes duration (y) | 9 (5–14) | - |
| Hypertension | 196 (58%) * | 10 (15%) |
| Hyperlipidemia | 237 (70%) * | 10 (15%) |
| Obstructive sleep apnea | 15 (4%) | 1 (2%) |
| Smoking | ||
| Never | 189 (55%) | 38 (58%) |
| Ex-smoker | 123 (36%) | 26 (39%) |
| Current | 29 (9%) | 2 (3%) |
| Medications | ||
| ACEi/ARB | 164 (48%) * | 6 (9%) |
| Alpha blocker | 19 (6%) * | 0 |
| Beta blocker | 24 (7%) | 1 (2%) |
| CCB | 89 (26%) * | 5 (8%) |
| Diuretic | 31 (9%) | 1 (2%) |
| Aspirin | 10 (3%) | 0 |
| Statin | 238 (71%) * | 10 (15%) |
| Fibrate | 9 (3%) | 0 |
| Insulin | 47 (14%) * | 0 |
| Thiazolidinediones | 3 (1%) | 0 |
| Sulphonylurea | 50 (15%) * | 0 |
| Metformin | 241 (71%) * | 0 |
| GLP-1 agonist | 29 (9%) * | 0 |
| DPP-4 inhibitor | 51 (15%) * | 0 |
| SGLT2 inhibitor | 71 (21%) * | 0 |
| Biochemistry | ||
| HbA1c (%) | 7.3 ± 1.2 * | 5.5 ± 0.4 |
| HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 56 ± 13 * | 36 ± 4 |
| HOMA-IR | 5.6 (3.4–10.1) * | 1.6 (1.1–3.0) |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 85 ± 15 | 84 ± 11 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.2 (3.6–4.9) * | 5.7 (4.8–6.0) |
| HDL (mmol/L) | 1.3 (1.1–1.6) * | 1.6 (1.3–2.2) |
| LDL (mmol/L) | 2.1 (1.6–2.7) * | 3.2 (2.5–3.8) |
| Triglyceride (mmol/L) | 1.5 (1.1–2.0) * | 1.1 (0.9–1.4) |
| NT-proBNP (ng/L) | 45 (0–78) | 48 (0–135) |
| hsTnI (ng/L) | 2.5 (2.4–4.4) | 2.5 (2.0–4.0) |
| Urine ACR <3 mg/mmol 3–30 mg/mmol >30 mg/mmol |
200 (73%) 64 (23%) 9 (3%) |
30 (79%) 8 (21%) 0 |
Data are presented as numbers (%) of cases, means ± standard deviation, or medians (interquartile range) as appropriate.
T2D type 2 diabetes, BMI body mass index, BP blood pressure, ACEi angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, ARB angiotensin II receptor blocker, CCB calcium channel blocker, GLP-1 glucagon-like peptide-1, DPP-4 dipeptidyl peptidase 4, SGLT2 sodium-glucose co-transporter-2, HOMA-IR homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance, HDL high-density lipoprotein, LDL low-density lipoprotein, NT-proBNP N-terminal prohormone of brain natriuretic peptide, hsTnI high-sensitivity troponin I, ACR albumin:creatinine ratio, MVPA moderate-vigorous physical activity, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate. *P < 0.05 compared to control group.