Table 2.
Imaging analysis in people with type 2 diabetes and controls.
| n | T2D (n = 340) |
n | Controls (n = 66) |
P value* | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LV CMR data | |||||
| LV EDV (mL) | 336 | 129 (126–131) | 65 | 151 (144–157) | <0.001 |
| LV EDV index (mL/m) | 336 | 76 (74–77) | 65 | 88 (84–91) | <0.001 |
| LV ESV index (mL/m) | 336 | 26 (25,26) | 65 | 30 (28–32) | <0.001 |
| LV EF (%) | 336 | 67 (66,67) | 65 | 66 (65–68) | 0.689 |
| LV cardiac index (L/min/m) | 336 | 3.8 (3.7–3.9) | 65 | 3.8 (3.6–4.0) | 0.953 |
| LV mass (g) | 336 | 114 (111–116) | 65 | 124 (119–129) | <0.001 |
| LV mass index (g/m) | 336 | 67 (66–68) | 65 | 72 (69–75) | 0.001 |
| LV mass:volume (g/mL) | 336 | 0.90 (0.89–0.92) | 65 | 0.82 (0.79–0.86) | <0.001 |
| LV GLS (%) | 335 | 16.2 (16.0–16.5) | 66 | 16.7 (16.2–17.3) | 0.109 |
| LV GCS (%) | 335 | 19.5 (19.2–19.7) | 65 | 19.4 (18.8–20.0) | 0.919 |
| LV longitudinal PEDSR (s−1)† | 329 | 0.54 (0.52–0.55) | 64 | 0.61 (0.56–0.65) | 0.004 |
| LV circumferential PEDSR (s−1)† | 323 | 0.71 (0.69–0.74) | 63 | 0.87 (0.81–0.92) | <0.001 |
| LV longitudinal PLDSR (s−1)† | 326 | 0.66 (0.64–0.68) | 64 | 0.66 (0.61––70) | 0.969 |
| LV circumferential PLDSR (s−1)† | 323 | 0.64 (0.62–0.66) | 63 | 0.65 (0.61–0.69) | 0.604 |
| Rest MBF (mL/g/min) | 306 | 0.66 (0.64–0.68) | 64 | 0.68 (0.64–0.73) | 0.413 |
| Stress MBF (mL/g/min) | 304 | 1.80 (1.74–1.87) | 65 | 2.07 (1.93–2.21) | 0.001 |
| Myocardial perfusion reserve | 297 | 2.83 (2.73–2.92) | 64 | 3.12 (2.91–3.33) | 0.015 |
| Late gadolinium enhancement | 335 | 72 (22%) | 65 | 8 (12%) | 0.537 |
| Extracellular volume fraction (%) | 325 | 27.4 (27.0–27.7) | 44 | 25.8 (24.8–26.9) | 0.007 |
| RV CMR data | |||||
| RV EDV (mL) | 337 | 143 (139–146) | 65 | 172 (164–179) | <0.001 |
| RV EDV index (mL/m) | 337 | 84 (82–86) | 65 | 100 (96–104) | <0.001 |
| RV EDV/LV EDV ratio | 335 | 1.12 (1.10–1.13) | 65 | 1.14 (1.11–1.18) | 0.112 |
| RV ESV index (mL/m) | 337 | 38 (37–39) | 65 | 46 (43–48) | <0.001 |
| RV EF (%) | 337 | 55 (54,55) | 65 | 54 (53–56) | 0.775 |
| RV cardiac index (L/min/m) | 337 | 2.9 (2.9–3.0) | 65 | 3.0 (2.9–3.2) | 0.375 |
| RV mass index (g/m) | 332 | 17.4 (17.1–17.7) | 64 | 19.4 (18.6–20.2) | <0.001 |
| RV mass:volume (g/mL) | 332 | 0.21 (0.21–0.22) | 64 | 0.19 (0.19–0.21) | 0.002 |
| RV GLS (%) | 330 | 26.3 (25.8–26.8) | 64 | 23.5 (22.5–24.5) | <0.001 |
| RV GCS (%) | 322 | 16.0 (15.6–16.3) | 63 | 14.8 (14.0–15.6) | 0.010 |
| RV longitudinal PEDSR (s−1)† | 320 | 0.77 (0.74–0.80) | 60 | 0.92 (0.85–1.00) | <0.001 |
| RV circumferential PEDSR (s−1)† | 311 | 0.56 (0.54–0.57) | 61 | 0.60 (0.56–0.64) | 0.075 |
| RV longitudinal PLDSR (s−1)† | 311 | 1.23 (1.18–1.27) | 57 | 1.13 (1.02–1.24) | 0.118 |
| RV circumferential PLDSR (s−1)† | 306 | 0.32 (0.31–0.34) | 56 | 0.26 (0.22–0.30) | 0.005 |
| Atrial CMR data | |||||
| LA maximum volume index (mL/m) | 330 | 35 (34–36) | 64 | 42 (39–45) | <0.001 |
| LA EF (%) | 328 | 62 (61–63) | 64 | 58 (56–61) | 0.007 |
| RA maximum area index (cm2/m) | 328 | 12 (12) | 64 | 15 (14,15) | <0.001 |
| RA EF (%) | 328 | 56 (55–57) | 64 | 51 (49–54) | 0.001 |
| Pulmonary CMR data | |||||
| PA diameter (mm) | 334 | 24.2 (23.9–24.6) | 63 | 23.7 (22.9–24.6) | 0.316 |
| PA diameter/height (mm/m) | 334 | 14.4 (14.1–14.6) | 63 | 13.9 (13.4–14.4) | 0.142 |
| Echocardiography data | |||||
| E wave | 335 | 70 (69–72) | 46 | 70 (66–74) | 0.956 |
| A wave | 337 | 81 (80–83) | 46 | 76 (72–81) | 0.049 |
| E/A ratio | 335 | 0.88 (0.86–0.90) | 46 | 0.95 (0.89–1.00) | 0.031 |
| E/e’ | 332 | 9.1 (8.9–9.4) | 46 | 8.9 (8.3–9.6) | 0.562 |
| MV deceleration time | 332 | 229 (223–234) | 46 | 246 (230–262) | 0.045 |
| Tricuspid regurgitation present | 340 | 74 (22%) | 46 | 18 (39%) | 0.005 |
| Diastolic function grading Normal Grade I Indeterminate Grade II/III |
62 (19%) 239 (74%) 22 (7%) 1 (0%) |
14 (33%) 25 (58%) 4 (9%) 0 |
0.167 | ||
Continuous data are presented as adjusted mean (95% confidence interval). Values indexed to height where appropriate.
T2D type 2 diabetes, RV right ventricle, LV left ventricle, RA right atrium, LA left atrium, PA pulmonary artery, EDV end-diastolic volume, ESV end-diastolic volume, EF ejection fraction, GLS global longitudinal strain, GCS global circumferential strain, PEDSR peak early diastolic strain rate, PLDSR peak late diastolic strain rate, MBF myocardial blood flow, MV mitral valve, CMR cardiovascular magnetic resonance
*
Adjusted for age, sex, race, and body mass index
†
Strain rates normalized to heart rate using formula: (strain rate/heart rate) × 60