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. 2024 Dec 9;11:1494882. doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2024.1494882

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© 2024 Chen, Zhu and Zhou.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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The mechanisms of SGLT2 inhibitors alleviate heart failure-related Non-hypoglycemic. SGLT1, sodium-glucose cotransporter-1; AMPK, AMP-activated protein kinase; Rac2, Rac family small GTPase 2; NOS, nitric oxide synthase; BH4, tetrahydrobiopterin; ATP, adenosine triphosphate; ROS, reactive oxygen species; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α; NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa-B; eNOS, endothelial nitric oxide synthase; NHE, Na⁺/H⁺ exchanger;C aMKII, calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II; SERCA2α, sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum Ca²⁺–ATPase 2α. Created with biorender.com.