Table 2.
Characteristics of patients at presentation stratified by the virologic trajectory patterns identified by latent class mixed modelling in the derivation cohort (n = 1,885).
| Characteristics | Class 1 n = 1,106 (58.7%) |
Class 2 n = 383 (20.3%) |
Class 3 n = 185 (9.8%) |
Class 4 n = 63 (3.3%) |
Class 5 n = 148 (7.9%) |
p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| VL long-term suppressed | VL suppressed timely | VL persistent with moderate levels | VL persistent with high levels | VL suppressed slowly | ||
| Sex, male | 715 (64.6) | 266 (69.5) | 92 (49.7) | 20 (31.7) | 91 (61.5) | <0.001 |
| Age, years | 46 [36–57] | 42 [33–54] | 38 [33–45] | 30 [23–36] | 36 [28–46] | <0.001 |
| Age group, years | <0.001 | |||||
| 18–24 | 19 (1.7) | 16 (4.2) | 5 (2.7) | 19 (30.2) | 18 (12.2) | |
| 25–34 | 213 (19.3) | 99 (25.8) | 59 (31.9) | 25 (39.7) | 46 (31.1) | |
| 35–44 | 274 (24.8) | 98 (25.6) | 71 (38.4) | 14 (22.2) | 41 (27.7) | |
| 45–54 | 259 (23.4) | 84 (21.9) | 39 (21.1) | 3 (4.8) | 24 (16.2) | |
| 55–64 | 196 (17.7) | 58 (15.1) | 10 (5.4) | 2 (3.2) | 18 (12.2) | |
| 65–74 | 111 (10.0) | 18 (4.7) | 1 (0.5) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.7) | |
| ≥75 | 34 (3.1) | 10 (2.6) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Ethnic group | ||||||
| Asian | 318 (34.4) | 132 (42.6) | 84 (48.6) | 32 (64.0) | 58 (46.4) | <0.001 |
| Black | 219 (23.7) | 50 (16.1) | 25 (14.5) | 8 (16.0) | 12 (9.6) | |
| White | 245 (26.5) | 77 (24.8) | 30 (17.3) | 4 (8.0) | 37 (29.6) | |
| Mixed/other ethnicity | 143 (15.5) | 51 (16.5) | 34 (19.7) | 6 (12.0) | 18 (14.4) | |
| Not reported | 181 (16.4) | 73 (19.1) | 12 (6.5) | 13 (20.6) | 23 (15.5) | |
| IMD (decile) | 5 [3, 7] | 5 [2, 7] | 5 [3, 7] | 4 [1, 7] | 5 [2, 7] | 0.425 |
| IMD category | 0.030 | |||||
| 20% most deprived | 225 (22.0) | 96 (27.2) | 29 (22.1) | 20 (35.1) | 45 (33.1) | |
| 20% to 40% | 277 (27.1) | 69 (19.5) | 28 (21.4) | 10 (17.5) | 21 (15.4) | |
| 40% to 60% | 223 (21.8) | 76 (21.5) | 29 (22.1) | 12 (21.1) | 35 (25.7) | |
| 60% to 80% | 177 (17.3) | 63 (17.8) | 27 (20.6) | 9 (15.8) | 17 (12.5) | |
| 20% least deprived | 122 (11.9) | 49 (13.9) | 18 (13.7) | 6 (10.5) | 18 (13.2) | |
| Not reported | 82 (7.4) | 30 (7.8) | 54 (29.2) | 6 (9.5) | 12 (8.1) | |
| HBeAg status | ||||||
| Negative | 492 (80.5) | 158 (51.8) | 116 (86.6) | 3 (5.3) | 45 (37.2) | <0.001 |
| Positive | 119 (19.5) | 147 (48.2) | 18 (13.4) | 54 (94.7) | 76 (62.8) | |
| Not available | 495 (44.8) | 78 (20.4) | 51 (27.6) | 6 (9.5) | 27 (18.2) | |
| Anti-HBe status | ||||||
| Negative | 176 (25.8) | 138 (45.5) | 21 (15.4) | 53 (93.0) | 72 (61.0) | <0.001 |
| Positive | 506 (74.2) | 165 (54.5) | 115 (84.6) | 4 (7.0) | 46 (39.0) | |
| Not available | 424 (38.3) | 80 (20.9) | 49 (26.5) | 6 (9.5) | 30 (20.3) | |
| HBV VL, log10 IU/ml | 1.5 [1.3, 2.6] | 6.3 [5.1, 7.7] | 3.7 [2.8, 4.5] | 8.1 [7.5, 8.4] | 6.3 [4.6, 8.2] | <0.001 |
| HBV VL categories, IU/ml | <0.001 | |||||
| <20 | 164 (14.8) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.5) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.7) | |
| 20 to <2,000 | 763 (69.0) | 4 (1.0) | 65 (35.1) | 2 (3.2) | 8 (5.4) | |
| 2,000 to <20,000 | 121 (10.9) | 29 (7.6) | 68 (36.8) | 0 (0.0) | 13 (8.8) | |
| ≥20,000 | 58 (5.2) | 350 (91.4) | 51 (27.6) | 61 (96.8) | 126 (85.1) | |
| ALT, IU/L | 29 [20, 47] | 64 [37, 125] | 32 [21, 41] | 35 [22, 50] | 41 [32, 69] | <0.001 |
| ALT, not available | 41 (3.7) | 24 (6.3) | 21 (11.4) | 12 (19.0) | 25 (16.9) | |
| AST, IU/L | 31 [24, 41] | 45 [32, 74] | 28 [23, 33] | 27 [23, 57] | 33 [27, 60] | <0.001 |
| AST, not available | 467 (42.2) | 147 (38.4) | 106 (57.3) | 42 (66.7) | 86 (58.1) | |
| Platelets, 109/L | 199 [156, 248] | 201 [158, 238] | 220 [170, 256] | 206 [179, 244] | 213 [179, 262] | 0.001 |
| Platelets, not available | 83 (7.5) | 54 (14.1) | 40 (21.6) | 25 (39.7) | 45 (30.4) | |
| Albumin, g/L | 40 [36, 43] | 40 [37, 43] | 43 [40, 46] | 41 [37, 45] | 41 [38, 44] | <0.001 |
| Albumin, not available | 81 (7.3) | 53 (13.8) | 35 (18.9) | 25 (39.7) | 42 (28.4) | |
| ALP, IU/L | 79 [62, 101] | 82 [63, 108] | 69 [55, 96] | 74 [61, 101] | 75 [61, 102] | 0.005 |
| ALP, not available | 81 (7.3) | 53 (13.8) | 35 (18.9) | 25 (39.7) | 45 (30.4) | |
| Bilirubin, μmol/L | 10 [7, 13] | 10 [7, 14] | 9 [6, 12] | 8 [6, 11] | 10 [7, 13] | 0.001 |
| Bilirubin, not available | 109 (9.9) | 60 (15.7) | 38 (20.5) | 20 (31.7) | 42 (28.4) | |
| eGFR categories, ml/min/1.73 m2 | <0.001 | |||||
| ≥90 | 397 (45.6) | 147 (51.6) | 66 (51.2) | 17 (77.3) | 52 (57.1) | |
| ≥60 and ≤89 | 350 (40.2) | 125 (43.9) | 54 (41.9) | 5 (22.7) | 35 (38.5) | |
| ≤59 | 123 (14.1) | 13 (4.6) | 9 (7.0) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (4.4) | |
| Not available | 236 (21.3) | 98 (25.6) | 56 (30.3) | 41 (65.1) | 57 (38.5) | |
| Urea, mmol/L | 5.0 [4.0, 6.4] | 4.8 [4.0, 5.8] | 4.6 [3.9, 5.8] | 4.0 [3.3, 4.6] | 5.0 [4.1, 5.9] | <0.001 |
| Urea, not available | 61 (5.5) | 29 (7.6) | 38 (20.5) | 19 (30.1) | 36 (24.3) | |
| Treatment regimens | <0.001 | |||||
| TDF | 562 (50.8) | 253 (66.1) | 115 (62.2) | 40 (63.5) | 78 (52.7) | |
| ETV | 234 (21.2) | 68 (17.8) | 40 (21.6) | 8 (12.7) | 29 (19.6) | |
| ETV + TDF | 64 (5.8) | 38 (9.9) | 17 (9.2) | 9 (14.3) | 22 (14.9) | |
| LAM/ADV + TDF | 58 (5.2) | 8 (2.1) | 3 (1.6) | 1 (1.6) | 6 (4.1) | |
| LAM/ADV + ETV | 47 (4.2) | 1 (0.3) | 2 (1.1) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.7) | |
| Other regimens | 141 (12.7) | 15 (3.9) | 8 (4.3) | 5 (7.9) | 12 (8.1) | |
Data are the number (%) or median [IQR]. Comparison was conducted across non-missing categories for a categorical variable. For categorical variables, Χ2 or Fisher’s exact tests were used for comparison. For continuous variables, t or Wilcoxon tests were used for two groups comparison, whilst ANOVA or the Kruskal–Wallis test was used for more than two groups comparison. All significance tests performed were two-sided.
Bold indicates p value lower than 0.05.
ADV, adefovir; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; Anti-HBe, Anti-Hepatitis B e-antigen; ETV, entecavir; HBeAg, Hepatitis B e-Antigen; IMD, Index of Multiple Deprivation; LAM, lamivudine; TDF, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate; VL, viral load.