Table 2.
Demographic information and metabolic and biochemical indices of patients in the training set with and without gastrointestinal adverse effects during the use of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists.
| GISE(−) (n = 220) | GISE(+) (n = 378) | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 48 (39–57) | 57 (51–65) | <0.001* |
| Gender (% women) | 40 (18.18) | 128 (33.86) | <0.001* |
| Duration of diabetes (years) | 1.00 (0.00–8.00) | 6.00 (0.50–12.00) | <0.001* |
| Family history of gastrointestinal disorders, n (%) | 7 (3.18) | 23 (6.08) | 0.117 |
| History of gastrointestinal disorders, n (%) | 21 (9.55) | 115 (30.42) | <0.001* |
| Smoking history, n (%) | 98 (44.55) | 132 (34.92) | 0.013* |
| History of alcoholism, n (%) | 82 (37.27) | 109 (28.84) | 0.065 |
| No. of combined oral drugs | 1 (0–3) | 3 (2–5) | <0.001* |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 28.68 (26.14–31.09) | 27.72 (25.66–30.17) | 0.005* |
| HR (bpm) | 83.44 ± 28.35 | 82.67 ± 13.94 | 0.950 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 132.26 ± 14.69 | 132.50 ± 14.49 | 0.848 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 81.47 (74.31–87.70) | 79.00 (73.30–85.00) | 0.013* |
| FBG (mmol/L) | 7.41 ± 1.85 | 7.52 ± 1.87 | 0.710 |
| HbA1c (%) | 8.40 (7.30–9.90) | 8.40 (7.32–9.70) | 0.811 |
| TG (mmol/L) | 3.28 (0.24–4.65) | 2.67 (0.24–4.46) | 0.625 |
| HDL-C (mmol/L) | 1.04 (0.91–1.16) | 1.03 (0.92–1.17) | 0.812 |
| LDL-C (mmol/L) | 2.60 ± 0.78 | 2.57 ± 0.91 | 0.745 |
| TC (mmol/L) | 13.34 (2.10–19.80) | 14.09 (2.09–20.28) | 0.748 |
| TSH (μIU/mL) | 1.74 (1.25–2.62) | 1.90 (1.30–2.63) | 0.451 |
| FT3 (pmol/L) | 4.76 (4.23–5.28) | 4.56 (4.02–4.96) | <0.001* |
| FT4 (pmol/L) | 18.95 (17.18–20.43) | 18.24 (16.74–20.10) | 0.046* |
| FINS (μIU/mL) | 9.20 (4.15–15.46) | 8.52 (5.00–15.15) | 0.824 |
| ALT (U/L) | 26.40 (20.22–44.48) | 24.50 (17.60–4.40) | 0.028* |
| AST (U/L) | 19.50 (15.75–27.10) | 18.00 (14.25–23.70) | 0.053 |
| eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m2) | 110.98 (100.38–120.94) | 104.93 (96.97–114.70) | <0.001* |
| Cr (μmol/L) | 69.00 (58.00–79.00) | 67.00 (57.00–75.00) | 0.224 |
| Urea/Cr (ratio) | 0.08 (0.06–0.10) | 0.08 (0.07–0.09) | 0.190 |
| β2-M (mg/L) | 1.60 (1.42–1.88) | 1.68 (1.49–1.96) | 0.068 |
| TBIL (μmol/L) | 12.00 (8.65–15.40) | 10.30 (8.03–13.80) | 0.024* |
| UA (μmol/L) | 360.50 (291.00–408.00) | 320.00 (271.00–383.50) | 0.013* |
| RBC (×1012/L) | 4.35 (2.00–5.11) | 4.00 (2.00–5.14) | 0.461 |
| WBC (×109/L) | 6.25 (5.41–7.69) | 6.42 (5.39–7.43) | 0.829 |
| PLT (×109/L) | 221.00 (190.00–255.50) | 220.50 (183.25–263.00) | 0.733 |
Variables are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation or percentage.
SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HR, heart rate; BMI, body mass index; FBG, fasting blood glucose; FINS, fasting insulin; HbA1c , glycated hemoglobin; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TSH, thyroid-stimulating hormone; FT3 , free triiodothyronine; FT4 , free thyroxine; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; Cr, creatinine; Urea/Cr, urea-to-creatinine ratio; β2-M, β2-microglobulin; TBIL, total bilirubin; UA, uric acid; RBC, red blood cell count; WBC, white blood cell count; PLT, platelet count.
*p < 0.05.