. 2024 Nov 28;24:102011. doi: 10.1016/j.fochx.2024.102011

Table 5.

Concentrations and OAVs of volatile compounds in GCC during room temperature storage.

Compounds	Threshold (μg/L) ^a	Concentration (μg/L)						OAV
	Threshold (μg/L) ^a	T0	T1	T2	T3	T4	T5	T0	T1	T2	T3	T4	T5
Aldehydes		35.37 ± 1.59^e	169.19 ± 30.46^c	134.51 ± 8.79^cd	117.7 ± 5.28^d	227.54 ± 43.96^b	1029.05 ± 3.01^a
1,3,5-trioxane	5080	35.37 ± 1.59^d	169.19 ± 30.46^b	134.51 ± 8.79^bc	117.7 ± 5.28^c	227.54 ± 43.96^a	117.22 ± 4.83^c	< 1	< 1	< 1	< 1	< 1	< 1
(E)-2-hexenal	10	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	911.83 ± 3.51^a	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	91.18
Alcohols		22.41 ± 1.03^d	175.45 ± 9.56^c	309.53 ± 8.91^b	149.87 ± 5.62^c	809.29 ± 65.77^a	124.45 ± 6.78^c
acetoin	14	22.41 ± 1.03^d	23.82 ± 1.4^d	304.81 ± 8.53^b	142.95 ± 4.81^c	793.18 ± 67.1^a	31.36 ± 4.69^d	1.60	1.70	21.77	10.21	56.66	2.24
3-hexen-1-ol	70	nd	nd	nd	4.80 ± 0.84^a	5.40 ± 0.48^a	nd	nd	nd	nd	< 1	< 1	nd
α-terpineol	4.6	nd	6.41 ± 0.99^b	4.72 ± 0.41^bc	2.12 ± 0.20^c	7.61 ± 2.79^b	35.67 ± 1.83^a	nd	1.39	1.03	< 1	1.65	7.75
3-(methylthio)-1-propanol	5	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	7.45 ± 0.65^a	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	1.49
3-methoxy-1-butanol	12	nd	145.21 ± 7.41^a	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	12.10	nd	nd	nd	nd
phenylethyl alcohol	45	nd	nd	nd	nd	3.10 ± 0.16^b	49.96 ± 0.66^a	nd	nd	nd	nd	< 1	1.11
Ketones		13.89 ± 0.63^d	33.65 ± 4.03^b	49.78 ± 0.82^a	9.99 ± 0.29^de	8.96 ± 0.60^e	25.91 ± 3.10^c
4-heptanone	8.2	nd	nd	1.04 ± 0.34^a	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	< 1	nd	nd	nd
3-undecanone	8.3	5.07 ± 0.17^a	nd	1.30 ± 0.04^b	0.84 ± 0.26^b	nd	5.05 ± 1.24^a	< 1	nd	< 1	< 1	nd	< 1
acetophenone	36	5.45 ± 0.26^d	11.26 ± 0.20^b	18.54 ± 0.38^a	6.04 ± 0.36^d	7.10 ± 0.52^c	4.06 ± 3.51^d	< 1	< 1	< 1	< 1	< 1	< 1
2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-4-methylcyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-one	8600	nd	17.57 ± 3.74^b	22.17 ± 0.71^a	nd	nd	11.97 ± 3.86^c	nd	< 1	< 1	nd	nd	< 1
benzophenone	1400	3.36 ± 0.24^c	4.82 ± 0.42^b	6.73 ± 0.34^a	3.11 ± 0.18^c	1.86 ± 0.17^d	2.80 ± 0.31^c	< 1	< 1	< 1	< 1	< 1	< 1
Esters		258.86 ± 4.64^c	449.71 ± 9.26^a	285.03 ± 14.39^b	237.75 ± 9.45^d	161.15 ± 6.13^f	192.06 ± 2.80^e
carbamic acid, methyl ester	> 129	8.15 ± 0.46^b	12.53 ± 0.27^a	6.59 ± 0.89^c	7.22 ± 0.37^c	1.21 ± 0.11^e	3.94 ± 0.07^d	< 1	< 1	< 1	< 1	< 1	< 1
triethyl phosphate	6000	24.02 ± 3.09^a	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	< 1	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd
methyl diethyldithiocarbamate	350.6	124.22 ± 3.37^d	161.41 ± 9.23^b	177.53 ± 8.82^a	140.35 ± 3.81^c	124.51 ± 5.82^d	35.18 ± 1.30^e	< 1	< 1	< 1	< 1	< 1	< 1
dibutyldithiocarbamic acid methyl ester	3200	4.43 ± 0.46^c	5.60 ± 0.41^b	7.15 ± 0.67^a	6.51 ± 0.85^ab	3.13 ± 0.61^d	nd	< 1	< 1	< 1	< 1	< 1	nd
ethyl 4-pyridylacetate	4.52	nd	nd	nd	2.30 ± 0.37^c	4.74 ± 0.10^b	15.52 ± 1.66^a	nd	nd	nd	< 1	1.05	3.43
1,3,5-tri-2-propenyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione	1750	68.8 ± 3.21^b	117.06 ± 1.27^a	72.36 ± 8.44^b	57.23 ± 0.53^c	22.92 ± 0.92^d	115.99 ± 1.27^a	< 1	< 1	< 1	< 1	< 1	< 1
heptadecyl acetate	1560	29.25 ± 2.16^b	153.11 ± 2.93^a	21.40 ± 6.96^b	24.13 ± 4.97^b	4.64 ± 0.31^c	21.41 ± 5.02^b	< 1	< 1	< 1	< 1	< 1	< 1
Acids		nd	nd	nd	nd	2.60 ± 0.22^b	29.42 ± 3.90^a
4-methyl-pentanoic acid	810	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	29.42 ± 3.90^a	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	< 1
2,2-dimethyl-butanoic acid	1603	nd	nd	nd	nd	2.6 ± 0.22^a	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	< 1	nd
Nitrogen/Sulfur-containing compounds		69.01 ± 2.80^c	71.07 ± 2.11^c	128.26 ± 5.48^a	59.22 ± 2.53^d	70.50 ± 1.10^c	101.50 ± 8.97^b
N,N-dimethyl-benzenamine	5	12.66 ± 1.26^e	44.06 ± 0.91^bc	42.32 ± 0.44^c	33.23 ± 1.54^d	50.62 ± 0.64^b	68.53 ± 8.24^a	2.53	8.81	8.46	6.65	10.12	13.71
cyclohexane isothiocyanato	5.67	4.53 ± 0.61^b	4.76 ± 0.51^b	7.49 ± 1.30^a	3.32 ± 0.73^b	9.49 ± 1.96^a	2.82 ± 1.00^b	< 1	< 1	1.32	< 1	1.67	< 1
3-methyl-butanamide	5200	40.11 ± 2.08^b	nd	62.91 ± 5.90^a	nd	nd	nd	< 1	nd	< 1	nd	nd	nd
4-tert-butyl-1(1-thioxo-2,2-dimethyl-propyl)-benzene	6970	nd	nd	nd	10.81 ± 0.02^a	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	< 1	nd	nd
succinimide	5130	3.62 ± 0.39^b	5.87 ± 0.44^a	6.68 ± 0.70^a	4.03 ± 0.06^b	nd	1.76 ± 0.22^c	< 1	< 1	< 1	< 1	nd	< 1
dodecanamide	2200	8.09 ± 0.28^c	16.38 ± 0.85^b	8.85 ± 1.93^c	7.84 ± 0.68^c	10.39 ± 0.50^c	28.39 ± 3.82^a	< 1	< 1	< 1	< 1	< 1	< 1
Aromatic compounds		1196.34 ± 37.08^c	2110.41 ± 171.79^b	2885.52 ± 143.13^a	2177.96 ± 82.75^b	744.09 ± 18.00^d	1135.43 ± 46.11^c
1,2,3,4-tetramethyl-benzene	61	nd	nd	nd	53.07 ± 1.43^a	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	< 1	nd	nd
naphthalene	1	70.88 ± 3.18^d	93.21 ± 2.82^c	236.17 ± 1.48^a	72.21 ± 1.21^d	111.34 ± 5.46^b	44.68 ± 0.24^e	70.88	93.21	236.17	72.21	111.34	44.68
butylated hydroxytoluene	1	13.18 ± 0.11^d	12.92 ± 2.13^d	24.43 ± 1.67^c	16.05 ± 3.14^d	154.59 ± 3.91^a	40.25 ± 0.85^b	13.18	12.92	24.43	16.05	154.59	40.25
phenol	30	27.88 ± 5.08^b	44.45 ± 2.22^a	51.54 ± 2.38^a	27.05 ± 1.49^b	8.77 ± 0.48^c	50.55 ± 8.98^a	< 1	1.48	1.72	< 1	< 1	1.69
eugenol	0.71	894.36 ± 30.13^c	1671.04 ± 148.60^b	2378.86 ± 140.38^a	1846.98 ± 78.12^b	192.24 ± 8.77^d	894.06 ± 40.86^c	1259.66	2353.58	3350.51	2601.38	270.76	1259.24
2,4-di-tert-butylphenol	500	190.05 ± 2.25^b	288.8 ± 17.75^a	194.51 ± 7.93^b	162.61 ± 2.63^c	277.16 ± 7.98^a	105.89 ± 3.13^d	< 1	< 1	< 1	< 1	< 1	< 1
Hydrocarbons		381.77 ± 14.87^e	575.03 ± 36.64^e	249.77 ± 4.79^d	134.55 ± 7.08^c	399.3 ± 13.07^b	249.31 ± 16.42^a
2-methyl-undecane	10,000	nd	nd	16.30 ± 1.64^a	8.16 ± 0.18^b	5.16 ± 1.17^c	nd	nd	nd	< 1	< 1	< 1	nd
styrene	3.6	339.09 ± 8.44^b	510.91 ± 34.22^a	172.29 ± 5.93^d	126.4 ± 6.91^e	329.35 ± 8.19^b	249.31 ± 16.42^c	94.19	141.92	47.86	35.11	91.49	69.25
caryophyllene	64	nd	64.13 ± 3.12^a	61.18 ± 0.72^a	nd	64.79 ± 7.85^a	nd	nd	1.00	< 1	nd	1.01	nd
heptadecane	12,000	42.68 ± 6.47^a	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	< 1	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd
Volatile amines		117,340.92 ± 1118.58^b	154,051.34 ± 3654.96^bc	263,745.30 ± 9756.02^bc	822,560.33 ± 14,082.74^c	1,534,852.99 ± 38,776.66^a	2,435,894.47 ± 107,252.44^a
tryptamine	10,000	7873.38 ± 644.37^b	6910.16 ± 195.84^bc	4510.40 ± 75.58^d	5940.37 ± 325.75^cd	10,091.36 ± 524.45^a	10,962.83 ± 1946.18^a	< 1	< 1	< 1	< 1	1.01	1.10
phenylethylamine	25,000	5824.75 ± 342.94^ab	4828.85 ± 421.17^c	6532.57 ± 609.45^c	6264.85 ± 238.40^a	5375.75 ± 313.21^bc	nd	< 1	< 1	< 1	< 1	< 1	nd
putrescine	20,000	13,329.62 ± 291.57^d	18,558.11 ± 995.67^d	26,181.88 ± 1625.84^d	113,624.27 ± 2959.05^c	224,206.38 ± 10,731.11^b	527,253.48 ± 32,977.04^a	< 1	< 1	1.31	5.68	11.21	26.36
cadaverine	20,000	nd	11,609.82 ± 440.38^e	73,355.02 ± 4971.69^d	186,577.42 ± 6292.32^c	333,939.79 ± 11,533.29^b	621,058.19 ± 41,022.5^a	nd	< 1	3.67	9.33	16.70	31.05
histamine	70,000	nd	nd	19,779.46 ± 975.82^d	320,239.07 ± 49.85^c	650,450.12 ± 22,609.21^a	618,123.82 ± 18,105.26^b	nd	nd	< 1	4.57	9.29	8.83
tyramine	10,000	4237.72 ± 97.62^b	5414.20 ± 637.89^a	4564.57 ± 204.31^b	nd	nd	nd	< 1	< 1	< 1	nd	nd	nd
spermidine	129,000	7011.01 ± 674.23^c	4885.03 ± 548.97^c	7458.59 ± 995.19^c	9346.2 ± 11.48^c	33,299.37 ± 2285.11^b	103,314.24 ± 8651.01^a	< 1	< 1	< 1	< 1	< 1	< 1
agmatine	24,000	9668.06 ± 1401.6^a	4906.27 ± 408.03^c	4843.76 ± 236.34^c	6362.96 ± 477.19^b	4811.47 ± 215.14^c	nd	< 1	< 1	< 1	< 1	< 1	nd
TMA	600	21,884.69 ± 1547^d	25,028.53 ± 364.73^d	25,196.67 ± 4639.7^d	51,042.79 ± 2675.82^c	67,665.24 ± 2328.76^b	127,498.55 ± 9331.99^a	36.47	41.71	41.99	85.07	112.78	228.05
ammonia	1250	47,511.68 ± 2142.78^e	71,910.36 ± 3462.40^de	91,322.38 ± 2698.33^cd	123,162.4 ± 9680.62^c	205,013.51 ± 6540.42^b	427,683.36 ± 38,174.32^a	38.01	57.53	73.06	98.53	164.01	342.15

The thresholds of compounds were referenced to the literature or determined.

Different letters represented significant difference (P < 0.05).