Scheme 1.

Schematic illustration of the charge reversal FPPD preparation and the mechanism diagram of FPPD on migrating hepatic steatosis. The FPPD nano-assemblys is comprised of electropositive PEI, PLGA, charge-shielded DMA and free radical scavenging FP. The obtained FPPD nano-assembly owns a charge reversal ability that switches to a positive charge in an acidic environment and targets the electronegative mitochondria both in pro-inflammatory macrophages and steatosis hepatocytes, resulting in reducing inflammation and lipid accumulation by quenching excessive ROS and improving mitochondrial function.