Chan 1963.

Methods	Quasi‐randomised trial.
Participants	200 women, Hong Kong. 100 study participants: primigravidae. 100 control participants: primigravidae. Inclusion Criteria: Parity: primigravidae, Pluralty: not stated, Gestation: not stated, Onset of labour: not stated, Other: nil stated. Exclusion criteria ‐ planned elective caesarean birth.
Interventions	Study group: 100 women were kept in the erect position (sit or walk). Control group: 100 women were kept in a supine or lateral position.
Outcomes	Maternal Outcomes: Duration of first stage of labour. Mode of birth. Maternal pain. Analgesia type. Duration of second stage of labour. Neonatal Outcomes: Fetal distress. Perinatal mortality.
Notes	1. Duration of first stage of labour: no standard deviation or P values reported. Standard deviation calculated using the weighted average standard deviation reported for nulliparous women. Summary totals exclude number of L.S.C.S. cases. 2. Assisted breech births (2 upright, 4 recumbent) not included in spontaneous vaginal, operative vaginal or caesarean birth summary totals. 5. Duration of second stage of labour: no standard deviation or P values reported. Standard deviation calculated using the weighted average standard deviation reported. Summary totals exclude number of L.S.C.S. cases. 6. The summary total included one set of twins. 7. The summary total included one set of twins.
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	High risk	Alternate group allocation.
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	High risk	Not stated.
Blinding (performance bias and detection bias) Women	High risk	Not feasible.
Blinding (performance bias and detection bias) Clinical staff	High risk	Not feasible.
Blinding (performance bias and detection bias) Outcome assessor	Unclear risk	Not stated.
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	No stated losses to follow‐up.
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	Unclear risk	Unclear.