Miquelutti 2007.

Methods	Randomised trial.
Participants	107 women, Campinas, Brazil 54 study participants: nulliparous 53 control participants: nulliparous Inclusion Criteria: Parity: nulliparous, Pluralty: singleton, Gestation: term, Onset of labour: spontaneous, Other: cephalic presentation; cervical dilation between 3 cm and 5 cm; in labour; low risk; aged 16 to 40 years. Exclusion criteria ‐ contraindications to upright position or booked for elective caesarean birth.
Interventions	Study group: 54 women were encouraged to adopt upright positions. Women received written information/education involving the use of models on the benefits of maintaining an upright position and encouraged to stand, walk, sit, crouch or kneel. If women remained supine for more than 30 mins they were encouraged to return to an upright position. Women remained upright for 57% of the time. Control group: 53 women were allocated to routine care group Women remained upright for 28% of the time. Women were not encouraged to adopt upright positions but were allowed to move around and adopt any position they chose.
Outcomes	Maternal Outcomes: Duration of first stage of labour. Mode of birth. Maternal satisfaction. Maternal pain. Duration of second stage of labour. Augmentation of labour using oxytocin. Perineal trauma. Neonatal Outcomes: Apgar scores.
Notes	1. Duration of first stage labour only reported as median and P value. Symmetrical distribution assumed. Median value used as a mean to calculate standard deviation and utilise data. 2. No data for numbers of operative vaginal birth or caesarean births.
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Low risk	Computer‐generated.
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Low risk	Sealed, opaque envelopes opened sequentially.
Blinding (performance bias and detection bias) Women	High risk	Not feasible.
Blinding (performance bias and detection bias) Clinical staff	High risk	Not feasible
Blinding (performance bias and detection bias) Outcome assessor	Unclear risk	Not stated.
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	Few women lost to follow‐up but no data for numbers of operative vaginal birth or caesarean births.
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	High risk	Reported data for the number of women having spontaneous vaginal birth, but not for operative births or caesarean births.