TABLE 2.
Comparison between normal ears and deformed ears
| Variable | Normal ears (n = 445) | Deformed ears (n = 827) | χ2 | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fetal position | 1.942 | 0.379 | ||
| Shoulder presentation | 13 (2.92) | 21 (2.54) | ||
| Pillow presentation | 422 (94.83) | 776 (93.83) | ||
| Breech presentation | 10 (2.25) | 30 (3.63) | ||
| Fetal congenital diseases | 0.703 | 0.402 | ||
| Yes | 18 (4.04) | 26 (3.14) | ||
| No | 427 (95.96) | 801 (96.86) | ||
| Amniotic fluid condition | 1.445 | 0.485 | ||
| Amniotic fluid muddy | 10 (2.25) | 22 (2.66) | ||
| Polyhydramnios | 11 (2.47) | 13 (1.57) | ||
| Normal amniotic fluid | 424 (95.28) | 792 (95.77) | ||
| Gestational age | 1.459 | 0.227 | ||
| 28–36 weeks | 23 (5.17) | 57 (6.89) | ||
| 37–41 weeks | 422 (94.83) | 770 (93.11) | ||
| ≥ 42 weeks | 0 | 0 | ||
| Neonatal weight | 5.488 | 0.064 | ||
| < 2500 g | 28 (6.29) | 54 (6.53) | ||
| 2500–4000 g | 406 (91.24) | 766 (92.62) | ||
| ≥ 4000 g | 11 (2.47) | 7 (0.85) | ||
| Mode of Conception | 0.010 | 0.920 | ||
| Assisted | 15 (3.37) | 27 (3.26) | ||
| Natural | 430 (96.63) | 800 (96.74) | ||
| Delivery method | 0.632 | 0.427 | ||
| Natural birth | 308 (69.21) | 590 (71.34) | ||
| Cesarean delivery | 137 (30.79) | 237 (28.66) | ||
| Mother's age | 0.910 | 0.635 | ||
| <31 years | 218 (48.99) | 410 (49.58) | ||
| 31‒35 years | 152 (34.16) | 294 (35.55) | ||
| ≥ 36 years | 75 (16.85) | 123 (14.87) | ||
| Familial history | 8.904 | 0.003 | ||
| Yes | 49 (11.01) | 143 (17.29) | ||
| No | 396 (88.99) | 684 (82.71) | ||
| Paternal smoking history | 7.898 | 0.005 | ||
| Yes | 31 (6.97) | 99 (11.97) | ||
| No | 414 (93.03) | 728 (88.03) | ||
| Maternal anemia disease | 7.945 | 0.019 | ||
| Mild | 88 (19.77) | 126 (15.24) | ||
| Moderate | 10 (2.25) | 38 (4.59) | ||
| Never | 347 (77.98) | 663 (80.17) | ||
| Gestational diabetes mellitus | 1.913 | 0.167 | ||
| Yes | 80 (17.98) | 124 (14.99) | ||
| No | 365 (82.02) | 703 (85.01) | ||
| Maternal obesity | 0.019 | 0.890 | ||
| Yes | 8 (1.80) | 14 (1.69) | ||
| No | 437 (98.20) | 813 (98.31) | ||
| Maternal hepatitis | 0.595 | 0.440 | ||
| Yes | 26 (5.84) | 40 (4.84) | ||
| No | 419 (94.16) | 787 (95.16) | ||
| Thyroid disease | ||||
| Yes | 65 (14.61) | 137 (16.57) | 0.831 | 0.362 |
| No | 380 (85.39) | 690 (83.43) | ||
| Maternal neurological disorders | 2.680 | 0.102 | ||
| Yes | 5 (1.12) | 3 (0.36) | ||
| No | 440 (98.88) | 824 (99.64) | ||
| Maternal cardiovascular disease | 2.451 | 0.117 | ||
| Yes | 36 (8.09) | 48 (5.80) | ||
| No | 409 (91.91) | 779 (94.20) | ||
| Maternal reproductive system disease | 0.417 | 0.519 | ||
| Yes | 18 (4.04) | 40 (4.84) | ||
| No | 427 (95.96) | 787 (95.16) | ||
| Other systemic diseases | 5.863 | 0.015 | ||
| Yes | 14 (3.15) | 10 (1.21) | ||
| No | 431 (96.85) | 817 (98.79) |
Data were shown as n (%).