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. 2025 Jan 15;17(1):98168. doi: 10.4251/wjgo.v17.i1.98168

Table 4.

Subgroup analysis of risk factors for the development of postoperative complications of grades IIIa or higher, grades IIIb or higher according to the Clavien-Dino classification, and specific types of postoperative complications, including severe bile leakage, severe postoperative pancreatic fistula, delayed gastric emptying, hemorrhage, and intra-abdominal infection in patients who underwent laparoscopic pancreatoduodenectomy

POCs Variables Univariate analysis
Multivariate analysis
OR (95%CI)
P value
OR (95%CI)
P value
CDc grade IIIb or higher ECOG score, 2 vs 0-1 3.415 (1.659-7.028) 0.001 4.169 (1.895-9.174) < 0.001
Preoperative biliary drainage, yes vs no 0.225 (0.054-0.940) 0.041 0.138 (0.032-0.600) 0.008
Smoking, yes vs no 1.735 (0.970-3.101) 0.063 1.496 (0.727-3.079) 0.274
Drinking, yes vs no 1.712 (0.952-3.078) 0.072 1.650 (0.791-3.440) 0.182
ALP, ≥ 140 U/L vs < 140 U/L 1.783 (0.896-3.546) 0.099 1.614 (0.717-3.634) 0.247
RDW, ≥ 15.4 vs < 15.4 2.326 (1.298-4.169) 0.005 2.127 (1.116-4.055) 0.022
Lymphocyte, ≥ 3.2 × 109/L vs < 3.2 × 109/L 6.383 (1.206-33.775) 0.029 6.536 (1.068-39.978) 0.042
CRP, ≥ 10 mg/L vs < 10 mg/L 1.836 (1.020-3.302) 0.043 1.400 (0.741-2.646) 0.300
Severe POPF (grade B and C) Age, ≥ 65 years vs < 65 years 1.756 (1.113-2.772) 0.016 1.435 (0.889-2.316) 0.139
ECOG score, 2 vs 0-1 2.671 (1.433-4.981) 0.002 2.878 (1.435-5.774) 0.003
Operative time 0.997 (0.994-1.000) 0.026 0.996 (0.993-0.999) 0.006
RDW, ≥ 15.4 vs < 15.4 2.442 (1.539-3.875) < 0.001 2.246 (1.320-3.820) 0.003
Hemoglobin, ≥ 115 g/L vs < 115 g/L 0.544 (0.335-0.882) 0.014 0.856 (0.495-1.481) 0.579
Leucocytes, ≥ 9.5 × 109/L vs < 9.5 × 109/L 1.755 (0.924-3.334) 0.086 1.609 (0.815-3.177) 0.170
Albumin, < 35 g/L vs ≥ 35 g/L 1.885 (1.130-3.143) 0.015 1.153 (0.641-2.074) 0.643
PT, ≥ 14 seconds vs < 14 seconds 0.343 (0.106-1.115) 0.075 0.229 (0.067-0.783) 0.019
Severe BL Diabetes mellitus, yes vs no 3.110 (1.408-6.870) 0.005 2.484 (1.105-5.583) 0.028
Smoking, yes vs no 2.010 (1.289-3.133) 0.002 1.660 (0.959-2.874) 0.070
Drinking, yes vs no 1.580 (1.005-2.484) 0.048 1.200 (0.687-2.097) 0.522
BMI ≥ 24 kg/m2 vs < 24 kg/m2 2.442 (1.439-4.143) 0.001 1.988 (1.143-3.456) 0.015
Intra-operative blood transfusion, yes vs no 1.660 (1.050-2.625) 0.030 1.210 (0.707-2.072) 0.487
RDW, ≥ 15.4 vs < 15.4 3.587 (2.287-5.628) < 0.001 3.401 (1.979-5.845) < 0.001
Hemoglobin, ≥ 115 g/L vs < 115 g/L 0.648 (0.401-1.048) 0.077 0.824 (0.448-1.515) 0.533
TBIL, ≥ 235 μmol/L vs < 235 μmol/L 2.188 (1.402-3.417) 0.001 1.326 (0.776-2.264) 0.302
Albumin, < 35 g/L vs ≥ 35 g/L 2.326 (1.434-3.774) 0.001 1.290 (0.721-2.309) 0.391
CRP, ≥ 10 mg/L vs < 10 mg/L 1.527 (0.967-2.413) 0.069 1.138 (0.679-1.907) 0.623
Severe hemorrhage ECOG score, 2 vs 0-1 2.715 (1.455-5.066) 0.002 2.832 (1.447-5.540) 0.002
Smoking, yes vs no 1.937 (1.223-3.068) 0.005 1.437 (0.820-2.517) 0.206
Drinking, yes vs no 2.064 (1.299-3.278) 0.002 1.858 (1.047-3.297) 0.034
RDW, ≥ 15.4 vs < 15.4 1.998 (1.252-3.189) 0.004 1.794 (1.050-3.063) 0.032
GGT, ≥ 45 U/L vs < 45 U/L 1.735 (0.969-3.108) 0.064 1.215 (0.640-2.307) 0.551
Albumin, < 35 g/L vs ≥ 35 g/L 1.792 (1.067-3.008) 0.027 1.022 (0.559-1.869) 0.944
CRP, ≥ 10 mg/L vs < 10 mg/L 1.582 (0.986-2.536) 0.057 1.181 (0.699-1.997) 0.534
Intra-abdominal infection Age, ≥ 65 vs < 65 1.539 (1.067-2.220) 0.021 1.363 (0.928-2.001) 0.114
ECOG score, 2 vs 0-1 1.887 (1.076-3.310) 0.027 1.725 (0.957-3.109) 0.070
Hypertension, yes vs no 1.577 (1.069-2.326) 0.022 1.365 (0.909-2.052) 0.134
Drinking, yes vs no 1.603 (1.100-2.338) 0.014 1.556 (1.052-2.301) 0.027
RDW, ≥ 15.4 vs < 15.4 1.483 (1.008-2.180) 0.045 1.201 (0.793-1.817) 0.387
Leucocytes, ≥ 9.5 × 109/L vs < 9.5 × 109/L 1.618 (0.942-2.779) 0.081 1.247 (0.703-1.817) 0.450
TBIL, ≥ 235 μmol/L vs < 235 μmol/L 1.426 (0.977-2.081) 0.066 1.585 (1.027-2.446) 0.038
CRP, ≥ 10 mg/L vs < 10 mg/L 1.675 (1.147-2.448) 0.008 1.304 (0.868-1.960) 0.202
Severe DGE Pathology, malignant tumors vs benign tumors 1.652 (0.944-2.892) 0.079 1.058 (0.548-2.042) 0.886
Preoperative biliary drainage, yes vs no 0.365 (0.130-1.024) 0.055 0.421 (0.144-1.236) 0.155
Pancreatitis, yes vs no 2.748 (1.354-5.578) 0.005 2.555 (1.158-5.639) 0.020
Intra-operative blood transfusion, yes vs no 1.931 (1.137-3.279) 0.015 1.667 (0.901-3.082) 0.103
ASA, III vs I-II 1.683 (0.935-3.031) 0.083 1.893 (1.028-3.487) 0.041
RDW, ≥ 15.4 vs < 15.4 1.105 (0.629-1.940) 0.729 1.130 (0.573-2.226) 0.725
Operative time 1.003 (1.000-1.005) 0.028 1.002 (0.999-1.005) 0.212
Lymphocyte, ≥ 3.2 × 109/L vs < 3.2 × 109/L 4.913 (0.933-25.861) 0.060 4.019 (0.696-23.193) 0.120
ALP, ≥ 140 U/L vs < 140 U/L 2.131 (1.265-3.588) 0.004 2.913 (1.538-5.518) 0.001
Albumin, < 35 g/L vs ≥ 35 g/L 2.201 (1.251-3.871) 0.006 3.065 (1.568-5.992) 0.001
CCI ≥ 26.2 Intra-operative blood transfusion, yes vs no 1.489(1.087-2.041) 0.013 1.150 (0.816-1.621) 0.425
Preoperative biliary drainage, yes vs no 0.695 (0.456-1.060) 0.091 0.573 (0.368-0.891) 0.014
RDW, ≥ 15.4 vs < 15.4 1.964 (1.436-2.687) < 0.001 1.680 (1.185-2.382) 0.004
Leucocytes, ≥ 9.5 × 109/L vs < 9.5 × 109/L 1.854 (1.171-2.936) 0.008 1.740 (1.076-2.815) 0.024
Albumin, < 35 g/L vs ≥ 35 g/L 1.918 (1.341-2.743) < 0.001 1.511 (1.017-2.244) 0.041
Platelet, ≥ 350 × 109/L vs 350 × 109/L 1.472 (0.973-2.229) 0.067 1.241 (0.798-1.930) 0.337

POCs: Postoperative complications; OR: Odds ratio; CI: Confidence interval; CDc: Clavien-Dino classification; ECOG: Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group; BMI: Body mass index; ASA: American Society of Anesthesiologists; RDW: Red blood cell distribution width; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; ALP: Alkaline phosphatase; GGT: γ-glutamyl transferase; TBIL: Total bilirubin; CRP: C-reactive protein; PT: Prothrombin time; POPF: Postoperative pancreatic fistula; BL: Bile leakage; DGE: Delayed gastric emptying; CCI: Comprehensive complication index.