Table 1.
Baseline Sociodemographic and Clinical Characteristics
| SW Cohort | QT Cohort | CS Cohort | |
|---|---|---|---|
| N = 247 | N = 12,013 | N = 11,157 | |
| Mean (SD)/N (%) | Mean (SD)/N (%) | Mean (SD)/N (%) | |
| Age (Mean, SD) | 62.4 (12.0) | 64.7 (10.0) | 62.1 (10.7) |
| Geographic region (N, %) | |||
| Northeast | 14 (5.7%) | 1,895 (15.8%) | 1,695 (15.2%) |
| North Central | 91 (36.8%) | 5,335 (44.4%) | 4,533 (40.6%) |
| South | 130 (52.6%) | 4,008 (33.4%) | 4,293 (38.4%) |
| West | 12 (4.9%) | 765 (6.4%) | 638 (5.7%) |
| Unknown | (0.0%) | 10 (0.1%) | 8 (0.1%) |
| Residence in an urban/rural area (N, %) | |||
| Urban | 167 (67.6%) | 9,702 (80.8%) | 8,954 (80.2%) |
| Rural | 79 (32.0%) | 2,282 (19.0%) | 2,192 (19.6%) |
| Unknown | 1 (0.4%) | 29 (0.2%) | 21 (0.2%) |
| Insurance plan type1(N, %) | |||
| Comprehensive | 50 (20.2%) | 3,331 (27.7%) | 2,998 (26.9%) |
| EPO/PPO | 137 (55.5%) | 5,737 (47.8%) | 5,443 (48.7%) |
| HMO | 25 (10.1%) | 1,222 (10.2%) | 1,057 (9.5%) |
| POS/POS with capitation | 9 (3.6%) | 528 (4.4%) | 562 (5.0%) |
| CDHP/HDHP | 26 (10.5%) | 1,108 (9.2%) | 991 (8.9%) |
| Other/unknown | (0.0%) | 87 (0.7%) | 116 (1.0%) |
| Payer (N, %) | |||
| Commercial | 145 (58.7%) | 6,223 (51.8%) | 6,640 (59.5%) |
| Medicare supplemental | 74 (30.0%) | 4,331 (36.1%) | 3,648 (32.7%) |
| Medicare advantage | 28 (11.3%) | 1,459 (12.2%) | 879 (7.9%) |
| Index year (N, %) | |||
| 2015 | 24 (9.7%) | 2,186 (18.2%) | 2,781 (24.9%) |
| 2016 | 64 (25.9%) | 2,455 (20.4%) | 2,597 (23.3%) |
| 2017 | 52 (21.1%) | 2,048 (17.1%) | 1,910 (17.1%) |
| 2018 | 28 (11.3%) | 1,555 (12.9%) | 1,381 (12.4%) |
| 2019 | 28 (11.3%) | 1,754 (14.6%) | 1,133 (10.2%) |
| 2020 | 36 (14.6%) | 1,158 (9.6%) | 812 (7.3%) |
| 2021 | 15 (6.1%) | 857 (7.1%) | 553 (5.0%) |
| Clinical Characteristics (N, %) | |||
| Any COPD exacerbations | 122 (49.4%) | 5,933 (49.4%) | 4,878 (43.7%) |
| Count of COPD exacerbations | 1.5 (1.0) | 1.7 (1.1) | 1.5 (0.9) |
| Acute respiratory illness (including pneumonia) | 102 (41.3%) | 5,104 (42.5%) | 3,804 (34.1%) |
| Anxiety | 60 (24.3%) | 1,905 (15.9%) | 1,837 (16.5%) |
| Asthma | 49 (19.8%) | 1,555 (12.9%) | 1,078 (9.7%) |
| Atrial fibrillation | 39 (15.8%) | 1,768 (14.7%) | 1,033 (9.3%) |
| Cancer | 46 (18.6%) | 2,491 (20.7%) | 1,443 (12.9%) |
| Chronic Kidney Disease | 23 (9.3%) | 1,440 (12.0%) | 981 (8.8%) |
| Coronary Heart Disease | 80 (32.4%) | 4,286 (35.7%) | 3,097 (27.7%) |
| Depression | 43 (17.4%) | 1,662 (13.8%) | 1,642 (14.7%) |
| Dyslipidemia | 136 (55.1%) | 7,398 (61.6%) | 6,211 (55.6%) |
| Diabetes | 72 (29.2%) | 3,227 (26.9%) | 2,880 (25.8%) |
| Emphysema | 39 (15.8%) | 2,227 (18.5%) | 1,091 (9.8%) |
| Heart Failure | 39 (15.8%) | 2,022 (16.8%) | 1,153 (10.3%) |
| Hypertension | 181 (73.3%) | 8,610 (71.7%) | 7,509 (67.2%) |
| Nuclear cataract | 17 (6.9%) | 1,233 (10.3%) | 969 (8.7%) |
| Obesity | 69 (27.9%) | 2,760 (23.0%) | 1,930 (17.3%) |
| Osteoarthritis | 75 (30.4%) | 2,806 (23.4%) | 2,409 (21.6%) |
| Peripheral arterial disease | 23 (9.3%) | 1,462 (12.2%) | 1,171 (10.5%) |
| Sleep Apnea | 65 (26.3%) | 2,799 (23.3%) | 1,921 (17.2%) |
| Sleep Disorder | 25 (10.1%) | 1,299 (10.8%) | 1,038 (9.3%) |
| Deyo-Charlson Comorbidity Index (Mean, SD) | 2.9 (2.3) | 3.1 (2.5) | 2.6 (2.2) |
Abbreviations: EPO: Exclusive provider organization; HMO: Health maintenance organization; POS: Point of service; PPO: Preferred provider organization; CDHP: Consumer-driven health plan; HDHP: High deductible health plan; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease