Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of participants for serum VD analysis
| Characteristic | Serum Vitamin D, nmol/L | P-value | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| overall | Vitamin D ≤ 25 | 25 < Vitamin D ≤ 50 | 50 < Vitamin D ≤ 75 | 75 ≤ Vitamin D | |||
| Weighted, n | 189,897,106 | 5,601,117 | 39,817,868 | 70,387,178 | 74,090,943 | ||
| Age [year], mean (SD) | 47.12 (17.20) | 41.90 (16.43) | 42.77 (16.23) | 44.99 (16.49) | 51.89 (17.30) | < 0.001 | |
| Gender, n (%) | Male | 93,035,099 (49.0) | 2,431,945 (43.4) | 20,222,488 (50.8) | 38,427,096 (54.6) | 31,953,571 (43.1) | < 0.001 |
| Female | 96,862,007 (51.0) | 3,169,173 (56.6) | 19,595,381 (49.2) | 31,960,082 (45.4) | 42,137,372 (56.9) | ||
| Race, n (%) | Non-Hispanic white | 16,424,525 (8.6) | 787,421 (14.1) | 6,284,790 (15.8) | 7,111,194 (10.1) | 2,241,120 (3.0) | < 0.001 |
| Mexican American | 11,116,248 (5.9) | 318,710 (5.7) | 3,276,682 (8.2) | 5,230,178 (7.4) | 2,290,678 (3.1) | ||
| Other Hispanic | 128,467,767 (67.7) | 1,277,153 (22.8) | 16,902,315 (42.4) | 47,552,072 (67.6) | 62,736,226 (84.7) | ||
| Non-Hispanic black | 19,840,704 (10.4) | 2,670,587 (47.7) | 9,183,226 (23.1) | 5,147,745 (7.3) | 2,839,145(3.8) | ||
| Other races | 14,047,863 (7.4) | 547,246 (9.8) | 4,170,855 (10.5) | 5,345,989 (7.6) | 3,983,774 (5.4) | ||
| BMI [kg/m2], mean (SD) | 29.08 (6.88) | 31.55 (9.27) | 30.69 (7.74) | 29.26 (6.70) | 27.86 (6.07) | < 0.001 | |
| Smoke status, n (%) | Never smoke | 105,785,024 (55.7) | 3,157,358 (56.4) | 23,250,806 (58.4) | 38,334,112 (54.5) | 41,042,747 (55.4) | < 0.001 |
| Quit smoke | 47,083,831 (24.8) | 839,015 (15.0) | 7,218,942 (18.1) | 17,782,286 (25.3) | 21,243,588 (28.7) | ||
| Current smokers | 37,028,252 (19.5) | 1,604,745 (28.7) | 9,348,120 (23.5) | 14,270,780 (20.3) | 11,804,607 (15.9) | ||
| Alcohol intake, n (%) | No | 50,901,454 (26.8) | 1,865,146(33.3) | 12,102,234 (30.4) | 18,417,626 (26.2) | 18,516,447 (25.0) | < 0.001 |
| Yes | 138,995,653 (73.2) | 3,735,971 (66.7) | 27,715,634 (69.6) | 51,969,552 (73.8) | 55,574,495 (75.0) | ||
| Physical activity, n (%) | Sedentary | 69,368,430 (36.5) | 2,847,223 (50.8) | 17,057,312 (42.8) | 25,437,579 (36.1) | 24,026,317 (32.4) | < 0.001 |
| Insufficient | 30,074,727 (15.8) | 788,743 (14.1) | 6,476,954(16.3) | 10,917,873 (15.5) | 11,891,157 (16.0) | ||
| Moderate | 25,686,199 (13.5) | 586,033 (10.5) | 4,616,010 (11.6) | 9,483,252 (13.5) | 11,000,906 (14.8) | ||
| High | 64,767,750 (34.1) | 1,379,119 (24.6) | 11,667,593 (29.3) | 24,548,475 (34.9) | 27,172,564 (36.7) | ||
| Hypertension, n (%) | No | 119,123,233 (62.7) | 3,340,112 (59.6) | 25,465,387 (64.0) | 46,855,350 (66.6) | 43,462,386 (58.7) | < 0.001 |
| Yes | 70,773,873 (37.3) | 2,261,006 (40.4) | 14,352,482 (36.0) | 23,531,829 (33.4) | 30,628,557 (41.3) | ||
| Diabetes, n (%) | No | 170,817,162 (90.0) | 4,919,659 (87.8) | 35,549,482 (89.3) | 64,204,457 (91.2) | 66,143,565 (89.3) | < 0.001 |
| Yes | 19,079,945 (10.0) | 681,458 (12.2) | 4,268,387 (10.7) | 6,182,722 (8.8) | 7,947,378 (10.7) | ||