Table 2.
Cox Regression for Factors Associated with Gout Flares
| Univariate analysis | Multivariate analysis | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 | Model 2 | |||||
| HR (95% CI) | P value | HR (95% CI) | P value | HR (95% CI) | P value | |
| Age (years) | 1.01 (0.99,1.02) | 0.445 | ||||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 1.02 (0.98,1.07) | 0.275 | ||||
| Disease duration (years) | 1.03 (1.01,1.06) | 0.009 | 1.04(1.01, 1.08) | 0.022 | 1.04 (1.00,1.08) | 0.075 |
| Positive family history (ref: no) | 1.33 (0.95,1.86) | 0.092 | 1.04 (0.61,1.79) | 0.879 | ||
| Recurrent flares in the last year (≥ 2) | 2.52 (1.79,3.55) | <0.001 | 2.43(1.46, 4.04) | 0.001 | 2.14 (1.25,3.68) | 0.006 |
| Palpable tophus (ref: no) | 1.81 (1.28,2.58) | 0.001 | 1.43 (0.82,2.49) | 0.209 | ||
| At least one comorbidities | 1.29 (0.92,1.82) | 0.140 | ||||
| Febuxostat usage (ref: no) | 1.46 (0.95,2.23) | 0.082 | 1.46 (0.85,2.51) | 0.172 | ||
| Serum urate (mg/dL) | 1.31 (1.17,1.46) | <0.001 | 1.06 (0.89,1.26) | 0.524 | ||
| Blood glucose (mmol/L) | 1.04 (0.83,1.29) | 0.761 | ||||
| Triglyceride (mmol/L) | 1.08 (1.00,1.17) | 0.058 | 1.01 (0.83,1.21) | 0.962 | ||
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.08 (0.93,1.29) | 0.318 | ||||
| LDL-C (mmol/L) | 1.08 (0.91,1.27) | 0.380 | ||||
| ALT (U/L) | 1.00 (0.99,1.01) | 0.686 | ||||
| AST (U/L) | 1.00 (0.98,1.02) | 0.922 | ||||
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73m²) | 0.99 (0.98,1.00) | 0.097 | 1.00 (0.99,1.02) | 0.514 | ||
| CRP (mg/dL) | 1.00 (1.03,1.05) | 0.040 | 1.02 (0.99,1.05) | 0.305 | ||
| HDL-C (mmol/L) | 0.35 (0.19,0.63) | 0.001 | 0.33(0.14, 0.79) | 0.014 | 0.40 (0.11,0.87) | 0.026 |
Note: Model 1 followed the backward stepwise selection rule. Model 2 was adjusted for the factors whose P<0.1 in univariate analysis including disease duration, positive family history, recurrent flares in the last year, palpable tophus, febuxostat usage, serum urate, triglyceride, eGFR, CRP and HDL-C.
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; CRP, C-reactive protein; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. P value in bold means P<0.05 with statistical significance.