Table 1.
Characteristics of 453 diabetic patients regarding DR status
| Variables | None-DR (n = 256) | DR (n = 197) | Z/ | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex, n (%) | 0.016 | 0.898 | ||
| Male | 138(53.91) | 105(53.30) | ||
| Female | 118(46.09) | 92(46.70) | ||
| Age (years) | 0.149 | 0.699 | ||
| 18–44 | 81(31.64) | 59(29.95) | ||
| 45–60 | 175(68.36) | 138(70.05) | ||
| Place of residence | 5.149 | 0.023* | ||
| Countryside | 11(4.30) | 19(9.64) | ||
| Urban | 245(95.70) | 178(90.36) | ||
| Working state, n(%) | 75.692 | < 0.001* | ||
| Unemployed | 29(11.33) | 85(43.15) | ||
| Employed | 184(71.88) | 67(34.01) | ||
| Retired | 43(16.80) | 45(22.84) | ||
| Education level, n(%) | 78.355 | < 0.001* | ||
| Junior high school or below | 44(17.19) | 104(52.80) | ||
| Senior high school | 79(30.86) | 58(29.44) | ||
| Bachelor or above | 133(51.95) | 35(17.77) | ||
| Medical payment method, n(%) | 64.325 | < 0.001* | ||
| Urban medical insurance | 215(83.98) | 96(48.73) | ||
| rural medical insurance | 37(14.45) | 90(45.69) | ||
| Self-supported | 4(1.56) | 11(5.58) | ||
| Marital status, n(%) | 4.974 | 0.083 | ||
| Unmarried | 15(5.86) | 22(11.17) | ||
| Married | 230(89.84) | 170(86.29) | ||
| Divorce | 11(4.30) | 5(2.54) | ||
| Smoking, n(%) | 22.025 | < 0.001* | ||
| Non-smokers | 193(75.39) | 114(57.87) | ||
| Quit smoking | 16(6.25) | 38(19.30) | ||
| Smokers | 47(18.36) | 45(22.84) | ||
| Alcohol consumption, n(%) | 15.204 | < 0.001* | ||
| Never | 186(72.66) | 130(65.99) | ||
| Quit drinking | 16(6.25) | 35(17.77) | ||
| Regular | 54(21.09) | 32(16.24) | ||
| Type of diabetes, n(%) | 0.087 | 0.657 | ||
| Type 1 diabetes | 2(0.78) | 3(1.52) | ||
| Type 2 diabetes | 254(99.22) | 194(98.48) | ||
| Treatment of diabetes, n(%) | 19.481 | < 0.001* | ||
| Dietary control | 2(0.78) | 5(2.54) | ||
| Oral hypoglycemic agents | 121(47.27) | 61(30.96) | ||
| Insulin injection | 18(7.03) | 33(16.75) | ||
| Oral medication and insulin injection | 115(44.92) | 98(49.75) | ||
| Sleep duration in 24 h, n(%) | 0.060 | 0.970 | ||
| < 6 h | 15(5.86) | 12(6.09) | ||
| 6 ≤ h < 8 | 78(30.47) | 58(29.44) | ||
| ≥ 8 h | 163(63.67) | 127(64.47) | ||
| Cardiac history, n(%) | 1.150 | 0.283 | ||
| Yes | 246(96.09) | 185(93.91) | ||
| No | 10(3.91) | 12(6.09) | ||
| Hypertension history, n(%) | 3.969 | 0.046* | ||
| Yes | 169(66.02) | 112(56.85) | ||
| No | 87(33.98) | 85(43.15) | ||
| Nephropathy history, n(%) | 6.294 | 0.012* | ||
| Yes | 18(7.03) | 28(14.21) | ||
| No | 238(93.00) | 169(85.79) | ||
| Hyperlipidemia | 26.095 | < 0.001* | ||
| Yes | 84(32.81) | 24(12.18) | ||
| No | 172(67.19) | 173(87.82) | ||
| Family history of DM, n(%) | 5.468 | 0.019* | ||
| Yes | 58(22.67) | 64(32.49) | ||
| No | 198(77.34) | 133(67.51) | ||
| Physical activity level, n(%) | 110.176 | < 0.001* | ||
| Sedentariness | 94(36.72) | 156(79.19) | ||
| Inactive | 43(16.80) | 34(17.26) | ||
| Active | 89(34.77) | 5(2.54) | ||
| Highly Active | 30(11.72) | 2(1.02) | ||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.45(22.73,26.42) | 26.22(23.70,28.36) | 19.570 | < 0.001* |
| Systolic blood pressure | 130.00(120.00,140.00) | 120.00(10.7.00,136.00) | 29.342 | < 0.001* |
| Diastolic blood pressure | 80.00(78.00,86.00) | 77.00(70.50,84.50) | 10.822 | 0.001* |
| Disease course (years) | 6.00(3.00,10.00) | 10.00(3.00,16.00) | 11.448 | 0.001* |
| FBG (mmol/L) | 7.00(6.00,7.00) | 7.00(6.00,8.00) | 11.818 | 0.001* |
| PBG (mmol/L) | 9.00(8.00,9.00) | 9.00(8.00,10.00) | 3.586 | 0.058 |
| Dietary compliance(score) | 25.00(23.00,27.00) | 23.00(21.00,26.00) | 25.271 | < 0.001* |
BMI Body mass index, FBG Fasting blood glucose, PBG Postprandial blood glucose
*Statistical significance