. 2024 Nov 9;10(23):e39796. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e39796

Table 4.

Summary of the significant fixed effects parameters in the linear mixed effects model.

Emoji	Fixed effects	b	SE	t	p
a:	(Intercept)	5.19	.11	45.36	.001^a
	response: text + emoji	.77	.13	5.71	.001^a
	literalityliteral:responsetext	−1.96	.14	−14.37	.001^a
	literalityliteral:responsetext + emoji	−1.67	.14	−12.24	.001^a
	polaritypraise:responsetext	−.41	.14	−3.00	.01^b
	polaritypraise:responsetext + emoji	−.37	.14	−2.75	.01^b
	literalityliteral:polaritypraise:responsetext + emoji	.84	.19	4.36	.001^a
a:	(Intercept)	4.29	.12	36.83	.001^a
	polaritypraise	−.38	.10	−3.84	.001^a
	responsetext	1.02	.14	7.23	.001^a
	responsetext + emoji	.97	.14	6.89	.001^a
	literalityliteral:responsetext	−2.05	.13	−15.42	.001^a
	literalityliteral:responsetext + emoji	−1.55	.13	−11.67	.001^a
	polaritypraise:responsetext	−.36	.13	−2.70	.01^b
	literalityliteral:polaritypraise:responsetext + emoji	.57	.19	3.02	.01^b
b:	(Intercept)	3.12	.09	33.86	.001^a
	polaritypraise	.23	.09	2.58	.05^c
	responsetext	.29	.10	3.07	.01^b
	responsetext + emoji	−.30	.10	−3.11	.01^b
	literalityliteral:responsetext + emoji	.26	.12	2.21	.05^c
	polaritypraise:responsetext	−.39	.12	−3.32	.001^a
	polaritypraise:responsetext + emoji	.24	.12	2.02	.05^c
	literalityliteral:polaritypraise:responsetext	1.58	.17	9.50	.001^a
b:	(Intercept)	3.65	.09	41.60	.001^a
	polaritypraise	.33	.09	3.60	.001^a
	responsetext	−.42	.10	−4.15	.001^a
	responsetext + emoji	−.28	.10	−2.79	.01^b
	literalityliteral:polaritypraise	−.23	.12	−1.98	.05^c
	literalityliteral:responsetext	−.27	.12	−2.35	.05^c
	literalityliteral:responsetext + emoji	.28	.12	2.40	.05^c
	polaritypraise:responsetext	−.47	.12	−4.04	.001^a
	polaritypraise:responsetext + emoji	.27	.12	2.33	.05^c
	literalityliteral:polaritypraise:responsetext	2.33	.17	14.11	.001^a

Note: “a” represents perceived sarcasm, “b” represents perceived positivity.

p < .001.

p < .01.

p < .05.