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Degree of sarcasm.
| Emoji type | Literality | Polarity |
Emoji alone |
Text alone |
Text & emoji |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M | SEM | M | SEM | M | SEM | |||
 |
literal | criticism | 5.05 | .11 | 2.99 | .11 | 4.13 | .12 |
| praise | 5.01 | .11 | 2.39 | .09 | 4.58 | .11 | ||
| sarcastic | criticism | 5.20 | .11 | 5.14 | .10 | 5.99 | .09 | |
| praise | 5.01 | .11 | 4.49 | .10 | 5.38 | .10 | ||
 |
literal | criticism | 4.36 | .10 | 3.30 | .13 | 3.79 | .10 |
| praise | 4.20 | .10 | 2.53 | .10 | 3.93 | .10 | ||
| sarcastic | criticism | 4.29 | .10 | 5.30 | .10 | 5.26 | .09 | |
| praise | 3.91 | .10 | 4.57 | .10 | 4.63 | .10 | ||
