Fig. 2.

Caesarean delivery rates by economic status across Indian states and union territories in decreasing order of inequality from 2019–2021. The X-axis indicates states and UTs, with each state and UT represented by five circles (one for each wealth quintile group). Vertical blue lines indicate the difference between the minimum and maximum CD rates in each state and UT. The Y-axis indicates the percentage of deliveries performed through caesarean section, with each unit representing a 10% difference in the CD rate. States are arranged in decreasing order of the difference in CD rates between the richest and poorest wealth quintiles, highlighting the magnitude of disparity. A horizontal line at the 10% cut-off indicates the threshold for underuse of caesarean deliveries.