Fig. 4.

Progress in structural transformation from 2000 to 2022. a, Total population; b, Gross domestic product (GDP); c, Total Primary energy consumption; d, Proportion of GDP from the primary sector; e, Proportion of GDP from the secondary sector; f, Proportion of GDP from the tertiary sector; g, Total coal consumption; h, Share of coal in total energy consumption; i, Energy intensity; j, Crude steel production; k, Cement production; l, Ethylene production; m, Vehicle ownership; n, Waterway freight turnover; o, Railway freight turnover; p New energy vehicle ownership; q, Proportion of thermal power installed capacity; r, Proportion of Hydroelectric power installed capacity; s, Proportion of wind power installed capacity; t, Proportion of photovoltaic power installed capacity; u, Share of thermal power generation; v, Share of hydroelectric power generation; w, Share of wind power generation; x, Share of photovoltaic power generation. This figure is adapted from Ref. [27,28].