TABLE 5.

Current status of research on machine learning methods to identify essential genes.

Model	Feature	Algorithm	Accuracy (%)	AUC
Pheg [32]	λ‐interval form Z‐curve	SVM	/	0.885
iEsGene‐CSMOTE [61]	Z curve, PseKNC	SVM	83.36	0.874
Bingo [62]	ESM‐2	LLM–GNN	/	0.874
Our model	Kmer + PseEIIP+ Z‐curve + CKSNAP	FCNN	79.57	0.860

Abbreviations: FCNN, fully connected neural network; LLM–GNN, large language model‐and graph neural network; SVM, support vector machines.