Table 2.
Relationship of PMT actions for improving physical activity in patients with different risk factors for CVD.
Article number | Title and Authors | Setting | Methods | Sample characteristics | Findings |
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1. | “The Predictive Effects of Protection Motivation Theory on Intention and Behaviour of Physical Activity in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes.” Morowatisharifabad et al. (2018) | Iran | Descriptive-analytical study with International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Short Form (IPAQ-SF) Self-design PMT questionnaire | N = 250 Men: 190 Women: 60 | The PMT explained the highest correlation between self-efficacy and intention to do physical activity (r = 0.716) and the lowest correlation with perceived severity (r = 0.171). In Model 1, with the six PMT constructs, self-efficacy and perceived cost had a higher prediction of behavior (p < 0.001). In Model 2, with two PMT processes, coping appraisal predicted physical activity intention (p < 0.001) and Model 3 after controlling confounding factors. No change in the ability to predict physical activity intention has been observed. |
2. | “Modifying attitude and intention toward regular physical activity using protection motivation theory.” Mirkarimi et al. (2017) | Iran | RCT two months and six months follow-up Post-intervention | N=60 Women BMI = 25–29.9 (overweight) or 30–35 (obese), being literate ability to exercise | Perceived response efficacy (p < 0.001), severity (p < 0.014), and self-efficacy (p < 0.043) predicted intention at two months follow-up. Perceived severity (p < 0.020) predicted intention at six months of follow-up. Self-efficacy (p < 0.009) was only predictor for changing attitude to do physical activity at two months follow-up and vulnerability (p < 0.042) and self- efficacy (p < 0.001) were at six months follow-up. |
3. | “Risky business: The effects of an individualized health information intervention on health risk perceptions and leisure-time physical activity among people with spinal cord injury.” Bassett and Ginis (2011) | Canada | Cross- sectional study | N = 62 Men: 52 Women: 10 Mean age: 43 years | Perceived risk of cardiovascular disease was correlated with decreased leisure-time physical activity (p < 0.10). Baseline perceived risk of obesity and diabetes was a positive predictor of increased leisure-time physical activity (p < 0.05) |
4. | “Using a combined protection motivation theory and health action process approach intervention to promote exercise during pregnancy.” Gaston and Prapavessis (2014) | Canada | RCT with two different intervention plans with baseline (time 1), immediate (time 2), and after four weeks (time 3) follow-up | N= 60 Pregnant women | Both action plan and combined planning groups had significantly higher action planning than the PMT group. The combined planning group also had significantly higher coping planning four weeks post-intervention (p < 0.001). It means the combination of PMT with a Health Action Process Approach is more beneficial (p < 0.001). |
5. | “Protection motivation theory and the prediction of physical activity among adults with type 1 or type 2 diabetes in a large population sample.” Plotnikoff et al. (2010) | Australia | Cross-sectional one-week pre intervention (time 1), one-week post intervention (time 2), and six months follow-up (time 3) | N =2311 (697 with T1D and 1614 with T2D) T1D: Men: 46% Women: 54% T2D: Men: 51% Women: 49% | Self-efficacy of coping appraisal was a significant predictor of intention in both diabetic groups (β = 0.64-0.68, p < 0.01). The severity of threat appraisal was an essential variable to intention in T2D only (β = 0.06, p < 0.6) |
6. | “The utility of a protection motivation theory framework for understanding sedentary behaviour.” Wong et al. (2016) | Canada | Cross-sectional study | N= 787 University students Aged: 18-35 years | Significant variables that contributed to goal intention were: Response efficacy (β = −.16; p < 0.01) and self-efficacy (β = −.21; p < 0.05) of coping appraisals |
7. | “Effects of motivational and volitional interventions on adolescents’ physical activity behavior.” Huang (2012) | USA | RCT with three groups control, motivational group, and volitional group. The week prior to intervention, start point (time 1), in two weeks (time 2), in four weeks (time 3) | N=330 Boys: 163 Girls: 167 Junior high school students | Self-efficacy (p < 0.01), response efficacy (p < 0.01), and response costs (p < 0.01) of coping appraisal were significantly correlated with physical activity behavior and intention. Perceived vulnerability (p < 0.01) of threat appraisal was correlated with behavior and intention (p < 0.01, p < 0.05, respectively. |