Table 2.

Relationship of PMT actions for improving physical activity in patients with different risk factors for CVD.

Article number	Title and Authors	Setting	Methods	Sample characteristics	Findings
1.	“The Predictive Effects of Protection Motivation Theory on Intention and Behaviour of Physical Activity in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes.” Morowatisharifabad et al. (2018)	Iran	Descriptive-analytical study with International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Short Form (IPAQ-SF) Self-design PMT questionnaire	N = 250 Men: 190 Women: 60	The PMT explained the highest correlation between self-efficacy and intention to do physical activity (r = 0.716) and the lowest correlation with perceived severity (r = 0.171). In Model 1, with the six PMT constructs, self-efficacy and perceived cost had a higher prediction of behavior (p < 0.001). In Model 2, with two PMT processes, coping appraisal predicted physical activity intention (p < 0.001) and Model 3 after controlling confounding factors. No change in the ability to predict physical activity intention has been observed.
2.	“Modifying attitude and intention toward regular physical activity using protection motivation theory.” Mirkarimi et al. (2017)	Iran	RCT two months and six months follow-up Post-intervention	N=60 Women BMI = 25–29.9 (overweight) or 30–35 (obese), being literate ability to exercise	Perceived response efficacy (p < 0.001), severity (p < 0.014), and self-efficacy (p < 0.043) predicted intention at two months follow-up. Perceived severity (p < 0.020) predicted intention at six months of follow-up. Self-efficacy (p < 0.009) was only predictor for changing attitude to do physical activity at two months follow-up and vulnerability (p < 0.042) and self- efficacy (p < 0.001) were at six months follow-up.
3.	“Risky business: The effects of an individualized health information intervention on health risk perceptions and leisure-time physical activity among people with spinal cord injury.” Bassett and Ginis (2011)	Canada	Cross- sectional study	N = 62 Men: 52 Women: 10 Mean age: 43 years	Perceived risk of cardiovascular disease was correlated with decreased leisure-time physical activity (p < 0.10). Baseline perceived risk of obesity and diabetes was a positive predictor of increased leisure-time physical activity (p < 0.05)
4.	“Using a combined protection motivation theory and health action process approach intervention to promote exercise during pregnancy.” Gaston and Prapavessis (2014)	Canada	RCT with two different intervention plans with baseline (time 1), immediate (time 2), and after four weeks (time 3) follow-up	N= 60 Pregnant women	Both action plan and combined planning groups had significantly higher action planning than the PMT group. The combined planning group also had significantly higher coping planning four weeks post-intervention (p < 0.001). It means the combination of PMT with a Health Action Process Approach is more beneficial (p < 0.001).
5.	“Protection motivation theory and the prediction of physical activity among adults with type 1 or type 2 diabetes in a large population sample.” Plotnikoff et al. (2010)	Australia	Cross-sectional one-week pre intervention (time 1), one-week post intervention (time 2), and six months follow-up (time 3)	N =2311 (697 with T1D and 1614 with T2D) T1D: Men: 46% Women: 54% T2D: Men: 51% Women: 49%	Self-efficacy of coping appraisal was a significant predictor of intention in both diabetic groups (β = 0.64-0.68, p < 0.01). The severity of threat appraisal was an essential variable to intention in T2D only (β = 0.06, p < 0.6)
6.	“The utility of a protection motivation theory framework for understanding sedentary behaviour.” Wong et al. (2016)	Canada	Cross-sectional study	N= 787 University students Aged: 18-35 years	Significant variables that contributed to goal intention were: Response efficacy (β = −.16; p < 0.01) and self-efficacy (β = −.21; p < 0.05) of coping appraisals
7.	“Effects of motivational and volitional interventions on adolescents’ physical activity behavior.” Huang (2012)	USA	RCT with three groups control, motivational group, and volitional group. The week prior to intervention, start point (time 1), in two weeks (time 2), in four weeks (time 3)	N=330 Boys: 163 Girls: 167 Junior high school students	Self-efficacy (p < 0.01), response efficacy (p < 0.01), and response costs (p < 0.01) of coping appraisal were significantly correlated with physical activity behavior and intention. Perceived vulnerability (p < 0.01) of threat appraisal was correlated with behavior and intention (p < 0.01, p < 0.05, respectively.