Heid 2005.

Methods	Randomized controlled trial
Participants	N = 60; adult; 36 male, 24 female; ASA 1‐3; upper limb surgery distal to elbow, German study
Interventions	Infraclavicular block (Kilka 1995). Localization method: surface landmarks ‐ midpoint of line between the acromion and the jugular notch. Endpoint for injection: motor response in hand to neurostimulation at <0.5mA. Single injection through needle. Axillary block, perivascular. Localization method: surface landmarks ‐ between coracobrachialis muscle and the axillary artery. Endpoint for injection: motor response in hand to neurostimulation at <0.5mA. Single injection through a proximally‐threaded catheter. Injectate in both blocks: ropivacaine 0.75% in volume of 40 ml Sedation for block: none Intraoperative sedation: IV midazolam 1‐2mg, propofol infusion 1‐2 mg/kg/h if requested by patient
Outcomes	Incidence of successful sensory block, defined as no sensation to pinprick, in 7 individual nerve distributions (AxN, MBCN, MABCN, MCN, MN, RN, UN) at 5 min intervals to 60 min Degree of sensory block, scored as 0 (none), 1 (partial), 2 (complete) in each nerve distribution. Sensory score (Koscielniak‐N 2000) out of 14 computed at each time point Block completeness time, defined as time to complete sensory block in 50% of patients Complications (vascular puncture, seizure, dysrhythmias, oxygen saturation <90%, Horner's syndrome)
Notes	Sensory block in individual territories at specific time points is defined for this review as no sensation (rather than blunt or no sensation), so as to be consistent with studies using a 2‐point (all‐or‐none) scale of block intensity. Abbreviations: AN = axillary nerve, MABCN = medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve, MBCN = medial brachial cutaneous nerve, MCN = musculocutaneous nerve, MN = medial nerve, RN = radial nerve, UN = ulnar nerve
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Low risk	Quote: "allocated by a computed randomization list"
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Unclear risk	No mention of allocation concealment
Blinding (performance bias and detection bias) All outcomes	Low risk	Quote: "a blinded observer evaluated sensory block". Measures were taken to ensure blinding including a sham catheter
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	Low risk	Complete follow‐up for all patients
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	Low risk	All pre‐specified outcomes reported
Other bias	Low risk	None identified