Tran 2009.

Methods	Randomized controlled trial
Participants	N = 120; adult; 71 male, 49 female; ASA 1‐3; surgery of the elbow/forearm/wrist/hand; Canadian study
Interventions	Infraclavicular block. Localization method: ultrasound‐guided. Endpoint for injection: spread of local anaesthetic posterior to axillary artery. Single injection through needle. Supraclavicular block. Localization method: ultrasound‐guided. Endpoint for injection: spread of local anaesthetic in "corner pocket" between subclavian artery and first rib. Single injection through needle. Axillary block. Localization method: ultrasound‐guided. Endpoint for injection: local anaesthetic spread, 40% of volume posterior to axillary artery, 20% in each of the upper quadrants, and 20% around the musculocutaneous nerve. Injectate in both blocks: 35 ml of lidocaine 1.5% with 1;200,000 epinephrine Sedation during block: IV midazolam 0.03mg/kg and fentanyl 0.6 mcg/kg Intraoperative sedation: no details given
Outcomes	Adequate surgical anaesthesia within 30 minutes, defined as completion of surgery without need for supplementation or general anaesthesia Complete sensory block in individual nerve territories: radial, median, ulnar, musculocutaneous nerves Block performance time, defined as ultrasound imaging time plus needling time Block onset time, defined as interval between block completion and a sensory score of 7‐8 Total anaesthesia‐related time, defined as sum of block performance time and block onset time Block‐associated pain, scored on a 0‐10 point visual analogue scale Complications: vascular puncture, Horner's syndrome, neurological symptoms, systemic toxicity
Notes	All blocks performed by "experts", defined as having experience of 60 or more blocks for that particular technique. The lead author confirmed by email correspondence that all blocks that did not result in adequate surgical anaesthesia received a general anaesthetic.
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Low risk	Quote: “computer‐generated sequence of random numbers, and sealed envelope”
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Low risk	Quote: “computer‐generated sequence of random numbers, and sealed envelope”
Blinding (performance bias and detection bias) All outcomes	Low risk	Quote: “A blinded observer recorded the onset time, block‐related pain scores, success rate (surgical anaesthesia) and the incidence of complications.”
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	Low risk	Reporting of outcome data was complete
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	Low risk	All stated outcomes were reported
Other bias	Low risk	No potential sources of other bias identified