Table 3.
Effects of n-3 PUFAs on inflammation in animal and cellular ‘asthma’ models.
| Models | Administration | Effects | Models | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| OVA-induced asthma in BALB/c mice and control groups | LCPUFAs (1000 mg/kg/d; 50% EPA and 50% DHA) by gavage from days 21 - 28 | Airway response and BALF eosinophils were decreased by LCPUFAs (p < 0.05), IL-5, IL-4, IL-13 levels and remodeling were also decreased (p < 0.05) | OVA-induced asthma in BALB/c mice and control groups | (98) |
| HDM-induced chronic asthma model in C57BL/6 mice and controls | LCPUFA:1000 mg/kg EPA + 229.6 mg/kg DHA + 246.0 mg/kg GLA + 200.9 mg/kg SDA/day compared to1000 mg/kg/day EPA from days 11 - 35 | In asthmatic mouse lung and blood cells, AA and DHA were increased (p < 0.001 and p < 0.01) while DGLA was decreased. (p < 0.05) in lung cells. Combination n-3 and n-6 LCPUFAs decreased AA and increased EPA, DPA (all p < 0.001), and DHA (p < 0.01) and reversed the lack of DGLA (p < 0.05) | HDM-induced chronic asthma model in C57BL/6 mice and controls | (69) |
| HDM-induced asthma model in C57BL/6 mice and controls | LCPUFA combination reduced AHR, decreased the relative amount of eosinophils, reduced IL-5, IL-4, IL-13, IL-6, IL-10 and IFN-γ, IL-6, and increased the release of EPA derived E-series resolvins (RvEs), and DPA-derived SPMs and D-series resolvins (RvDs) in BALF | HDM-induced asthma model in C57BL/6 mice and controls | (99) | |
| PM2.5-induced lung injury in male C57BL/6N and control mice | ω-3 PUFAs-enriched diet (EPA/DHA = 3:2) 21 g/kg for 6 weeks, with/without intratracheal PM2.5 | n-3 fatty acid group showed reduced alveolar septal thickness and inflammatory cells, with decreased levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-17 (p < 0.05 - 0.01) in serum and BALF | PM2.5-induced lung injury in male C57BL/6N and control mice | (100) |
| HDM-induced asthma model in female adult mice | OmeGo (enzymatically liberated salmon oil; 20 and 60 μg, vehicle and positive control (apolipoprotein) | vehicle and positive total cell and eosinophil countsin BALF (p < 0.01) and eosinophils in spleen (p < 0.001) | HDM-induced asthma model in female adult mice | (101) |
| Intraperitoneal eosinophilia polymyxin B model in guinea pig | OmeGo (30 mg/kg, 300 mg/kg), sea cod (cod liver oil/omega 3) (30 mg/kg, 300 mg/kg), also fevipiprant 5 and 20 mg/kg, and Linoleic acid (LA) 300 mg/kg | 300 mg/kg OmeGo attenuated eosinophil chemotaxis (50.7%, p < 0.002) and chemokinesis (55.7% p < 0.005) to leukotriene B4 compared to LA control | Intraperitoneal eosinophilia polymyxin B model in guinea pig | |
| LPS-induced acute lung inflammation in male Wistar rats | O3FFA:31.6% EPA, 31.6% DHA, and 15.4% DPA.EE: fish oil concentrate with 22% DHA and 33% EPA and saline and LPS controls | O3FFA and O3EE reduced LPS induced alveolar histiocytosis and decreased BALF IL-6, TNF-α, TGF-β, and IL-10 (p < 0.05) | LPS-induced acute lung inflammation in male Wistar rats | (102) |
| Human DC2 - T-cell model and LPS matured DCs as a control |
100 µM of LA, ALA, AA, DHA, or EPA | DHA (p < 0.005) and EPA (p < 0.0001), LA and AA decreased IL-12/IL-23 and IL-23production by DC2s and lowered IL-13, IFN-γ and IL10 production by DC2-induced effector T-cells | Human DC2 - T-cell model and LPS matured DCs as a control | (103) |
OVA ovalbumin, HDM, house dust mite; BALF, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid; DGLA, dihomo-linoleic acid; PM2.5, particulate matter 2.5; AHR, airway responsiveness (to metacholine); LPS, lipopolysaccharide; DC2, dendritic cells; SPM, specialized pro-resolving mediators.