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. 2024 Nov 6;637(8044):145–155. doi: 10.1038/s41586-024-08168-4

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 6 — a, Ensemble reactivation during neutral versus novel recall. The reactivation index was computed as the difference in ensemble overlap between the neutral versus novel contexts (that is, reactivation during neutral − reactivation during novel; Methods) (ensemble overlap percentages are shown in Extended Data Fig. 4q–s). Left, there was no difference between the low- and high-shock groups in the reactivation index of the neutral ensemble (t₁₂ = 0.42, P = 0.68). Middle, there was no difference in the aversive ensemble (t₁₂ = 0.38, P = 0.71). Right, there was a significant difference in the overlap ensemble (t₁₂ = 3.2, P = 0.007). b, In high-shock mice, population activity patterns in the neutral context changed significantly from neutral encoding to neutral recall (amplitude: F_1,12 = 5.65; session pair: F_1,12 = 10.42; amplitude × session pair: F_1,12 = 6.22). During neutral recall in high-shock mice, population activity vectors were less correlated with the average neutral encoding population vector than aversive recall activity was with the average aversive encoding population vector (t₇ = 4.10, P = 0.009). Neutral encoding-to-recall correlations were also lower in high- versus low-shock mice (t_6,92 = 2.98, P = 0.042). Aversive encoding-to-recall correlations were no different in the high- versus low-shock mice (t_6,11 = 1.13, P = 0.30). In low-shock mice, neutral and aversive encoding-to-recall correlations were no different (t₅ = 0.23, P = 0.83). n = 6 (low-shock) and n = 8 (high-shock) mice. c, Single experiences are encoded by neurons that are highly active during learning. During the offline period after a strong aversive experience, not only is the aversive ensemble reactivated to consolidate that memory, but a past neutral memory ensemble is also reactivated, linking the aversive and neutral memories. During recall of the neutral memory, the linked memory ensemble is reactivated to drive fear in the neutral context. Error bars indicate s.e.m.