Table 3.

The effect of maternal nutritional levels [Nut; control (CON) or restricted (RES)]¹ and supplementation with one-carbon metabolites [OCM; with OCM (+OCM) or without (−OCM)]² from day 0 to 63 of gestation on mRNA expression of antimicrobial peptides measured in maternal lung, mammary gland, and small intestine.

				Supplementation					p-values
Tissue	Gene3	Nut		−OCM	+OCM	SEM4	Nut5	SEM6	Nut	OCM	Nut × OCM
Lung	BNBD4	CON		1.26	0.93	0.26	1.10	0.18	0.42	0.16	0.86
		RES		1.10	0.68		0.89
			OCM7	1.18	0.81
			SEM8	0.18
	CATHL5	CON		1.05AB	0.84A	0.16	0.95	0.11	0.47	0.52	0.06
		RES		0.85A	1.26B		1.06
			OCM	0.95	1.05
			SEM	0.10
Mammary gland	BNBD5	CON		1.34	1.36	0.84	1.35	0.65	0.63	0.74	0.76
		RES		1.48	2.05		1.77
			OCM	1.41	1.71
			SEM	0.65
	LAP	CON		1.84	2.52	1.66	2.18	1.44	0.36	0.48	0.72
		RES		2.91	4.95		3.93
			OCM	2.37	3.74
			SEM	1.36
Small intestine	LAP	CON		0.90	1.59	0.76	1.25	0.52	0.96	0.78	0.52
		RES		1.35	1.07		1.21
			OCM	1.13	1.33
			SEM	0.52
	EBD	CON		1.90	0.91	0.57	1.41	0.40	0.57	0.01	0.19
		RES		2.80	0.62		1.70
			OCM	2.35g	0.77h
			SEM	0.40

The data are presented as the least square mean and standard error of the mean (SEM). ¹CON (0.45 kg•heifer⁻¹•day⁻¹); RES = (−0.23 kg•heifer⁻¹•day⁻¹). ²+OCM = (with one-carbon metabolites supplementation); −OCM = (without one-carbon metabolites supplementation). ³BNBD4 = Bovine neutrophil β-defensin4; CATHLC5 = Cathelicidin5; BNBD5 = Bovine neutrophil β-defensin5; LAP = Lingual antimicrobial peptide; EBD = enteric β-defensin. ⁴Average SEM for nutritional levels × OCM supplementation interaction [CON − OCM (n = 7); CON + OCM (n = 8); RES − OCM (n = 7); RES + OCM (n = 7)]. ⁵Main effect of nutritional levels. ⁶SEM for Nut. ⁷Main effect of OCM supplementation. ⁸ SEM for OCM supplementation. ^A,BMeans within a gene marked with uppercase letters denote trends (0.05 < p ≤ 0.10) for interactive effects. ^g,hMeans within a row marked with lowercase letters indicate significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) for main effects.