Table 2.
Clinical study on the regulation of brain function activity in primary insomnia by acupuncture.
| Neuroimaging technologies | Therapy | Acupoints | Neuroimaging results | Refs |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| rs-fMRI | MA | EX-HN1, HT7, GV20, SP6 | PI (post) vs. HC: decreased DC value in MTG, HIP, PUT, PHG, CUN. | (30) |
| MA | EX-HN1, GV20, GV16, GB20, GV18, MS13, Anmian, EX-HN13, GV14 | PI (post vs. pre): increased FC in dorsal CAU to LING, cerebellum; ventral CAU to frontal lobe, INS, ACG; ventral CAU to PreCG, PCG. | (9) | |
| MA | LI11, ST40, LR3 | PI (post vs. pre): increased ALFF value in PUT, PAL, CAU; decreased ALFF value in CUN, SFG, MFG. | (29) | |
| MA | GV20, GV24, EX-HN1, HT7, GB13, PC6, SP6 | PI (post vs. pre): decreased FC in AMYG and THA. | (55) | |
| EA | Single acupoints group (HT7); multi-acupoints group (HT7, SP6, GV20); Non-acupoint group (the junction point between the biceps brachii muscle and deltoid muscle) | Single acupoints group (post vs. pre): increased fALFF value in ITG, MTG, STG, PHG, PCUN, SFG; Multi-acupoints group (post vs. pre): increased fALFF value in PHG, MTG, STG, MFG, IFG, PreCG, PoCG, IPL, SPL, ANG, SMG, PCUN, CUN; Non-acupoint group (post vs. pre): SFG, MFG, IFG, ACG, INS. |
(26) | |
| EA | HT7 | Male PI (post vs. pre): increased fALFF value in MTG, SFG, MFG, PCUN, PHG, SPL, PoCG. Female PI (post vs. pre): increased fALFF value in MT, PCG, IFG, MFG, STG, SMG. |
(56) | |
| SA | Shangen | PI (post vs. pre): increased FC in AMYG to INS, brain stem, CAU, cingulate; decreased FC in AMYG to MFG, PCUN. | (57) | |
| taVNS | Auricular cavum concha | PI (post vs. pre): increased ReHo value in SFGmed, ACG; decreased ReHo value in ITG, MTG, THA. | (58) | |
| taVNS | Auricular cavum concha | PI (post vs. pre): decreased FC in mPFC to dorsal ACG; decreased FC in mPFC to PCUN, CUN, CAL, SOG, LING. | (59) | |
| taVNS | Auricular cavum concha | Group A (post vs. pre): decreased fALFF value in cerebellum, SFGmed, SMA. | (46) | |
| taVNS | Auricular cavum concha | PI (post vs. pre): decreased FC in PCG to PCUN, ANG, SFG, MFG, MTG, ORBsupmed; increased FC in PCG to LING, CAL. | (60) | |
| taVNS | Auricular points, heart and kidney areas | Correlation analysis: ALFF in SFG, MFG, ACGdor, fALFF in IPL, SMG, ANG, ReHo in SFG, SMA, ACGdor, PCGdor. | (61) | |
| taVNS | Auricular points, heart and kidney areas | PI (post vs. pre): increased FC in preoptic area to PCUN, PCG, CUN; decreased FC in medial THA to PreCG, auxiliary motor area; increased FC in medial hypothalamus to PCUN, PCG; increased FC in anterior THA to PreCG, SFG, MFG; increased FC in anterior beak cingulate gyrus to LING, IOG; decreased FC in anterior beak cingulate gyrus to ITG, MTG, IPL, SMG, ANG. | (62) | |
| taVNS | Auricular points, heart and kidney areas | PI (post vs. pre): increased FC in PCG to MFG, PCG to MFG and medial prefrontal lobe. | (59) | |
| taVNS | Auricular points, heart and kidney areas | PI (post vs. pre): decreased ALFF in PCUN, increased ALFF in MOG; increased FC in PCUN to ANG, SFG, and MFG. | (63) | |
| taVNS | Auricular points, heart and kidney areas | PI (post vs. pre): decreased FC in THA to ANG, ACG to PCUN. | (64) | |
| task-fMRI | MA | HT7, SP6 | PI (post) vs. HC: activated areas included ventral anterior nucleus of THA, putamen, medial globus pallidus, PreCG, CAU. | (65) |
| MA | HT7, GV20, SP6 | There were differences in brain response areas among the three groups, and the most activated areas included cerebellum, IFG, IPL and MTG. | (66) | |
| MA | SP6 | NOR group: activated areas included STG, IPL, PoCG; SD group: activated areas included ACG, INS, basal ganglia, THA; Sham group: activated areas included THA and cerebellum. |
(67) | |
| fNIRS | MA | GV20, PC6, HT7, SP6, KI5 | PI (post vs. HC): decreased HBO concentrations in frontal primary motor cortex, prefrontal orbitofrontal area, parietal somatosensory association cortex, postero-lateral prefrontal area and premotor cortex. | (68) |
| EEG | SA | Shangen | PI (post vs. rest): decreased ApEn in frontal and occipital lobes, increased CD in frontal lobe. | (69) |
| SA | Shangen | PI (rest→intervention→post): ApEn results for prefrontal lobe →posterior temporal lobe →occipital lobe PI (post vs. rest): CD results for frontal, anterior temporal and frontal lobes. |
(49) | |
| MA | BL44, BL47, BL49, BL42, BL52 | Observation group (post vs. pre): decreased in non-rapid eye movement NREM time, total sleep time; increased in sleep efficiency (ratio of actual sleep to total sleep). | (70) | |
| MA | EX-HN22, PC6, HT7, LI4, ST36, KI6, BL62, LR3 | AA (post vs. rest): the brain electrical potential changes in the frontal lobe, right temporal lobe, and occipital lobe. | (71) | |
| taVNS | auricular points, heart, liver and kidney areas | PI (post vs. rest): increased in SE, NREM 3, power spectrum of NREM 1-delta1; decreased in SL and power spectrum of NREM 1-delta1. | (72) |
rs-fMRI, resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging; task-fMRI, task-based functional magnetic resonance imaging; PI, primary insomnia; HC, healthy control; MA, manual acupuncture; EA, electroacupuncture; taVNS, transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation; SA, superficial acupuncture; DC, degree centrality; ReHo, regional homogeneity; FC, functional connectivity; ALFF, amplitude of low frequency fluctuation; fALFF, fractional amplitude of low frequency fluctuations; fNIRS, functional near-infrared spectroscopy; EEG, electroencephalogram; EX-HN1, Sishencong; HT7, Shenmen; GV20, Baihui; SP6, Sanyinjiao; GV16, Fengfu; GB20, Fengchi; GV18, Qiangjian; MS13, Dingshangpangxian; EX-HN13, Yuye; GV14, Dazhui; LI11, Quchi; ST40, Fenglong; LR3, Taichong; PC6, Neiguan; KI5, Shuiquan; BL42, Pohu; BL44, Shentang; BL47, Hunmen; BL49, Yishe; BL52, Fuxi; EX-HN22, Jingbi; LI4, Hegu; ST36, Zusanli; KI6, Zhaohai; BL62, Shenmai; MTG, middle temporal gyrus; HIP, hippocampus; PUT, lenticular nucleus, putamen; PHG, parahippocampal; CUN, cuneus; MOG, middle occipital gyrus; SOG, superior occipital gyrus; PCUN, precuneus; PoCG, postcentral gyrus; MFG, middle frontal gyrus; CAU, caudate nucleus; LING, Lingual gyrus; INS, insula; DMN, default mode network; ACG, anterior cingulate and paracingulate gyri; PreCG, precental gyrus; PCG, posterior cingulate gyrus; PAL, lenticular nucleus, pallidum; SFG, superior frontal gyrus; ITG, inferior temporal gyrus; STG, superior temporal gyrus; IFG, inferior frontal gyrus; IPL, inferior parietal, but supramarginal and angular gyri; SPL, superior parietal gyrus; ANG, angular gyrus; SMG, supramarginal gyrus; AMYG, amygdala; SFGmed, superior frontal gyrus, medial; THA, thalamus; mPFC, medial prefrontal cortex; CAL, calcarine fissure and surrounding cortex; SMA, supplementary motor area; ORBsupmed, superior frontal gyrus, medial orbital; ACGdor, anterior cingulate and paracingulate gyri, dorsolateral; PCGdor, posterior cingulate gyrus, dorsolateral; ESS, epworth sleepiness scale; IOG, inferior occipital gyrus; HBO, oxyhemoglobin; ApEn, approximate entropy; CD, correlation dimension; NREM, non-rapid eye movement; SE, sleep efficiency; SL, sleep latency.