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. 2024 Dec 10;15:1434116. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1434116

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Copyright © 2024 Yang, Liu, Huang and Deng

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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The gender-stratified non-linear association analyzed by the GAM between serum cotinine and depression (A), trouble sleeping (B), diagnostic sleep disorder (C), and analyzed by RCS analysis between serum cotinine and depression (D), trouble sleeping (E), and diagnostic sleep disorder (F). The X-axis showed the serum cotinine concentration, and the Y-axis showed the estimated risk for depression (A), trouble sleeping (B), diagnostic sleep disorder (C) and the estimated odds ratio for depression (D), trouble sleeping (E), and diagnostic sleep disorder (F).