Table 1.

Histopathological investigation of the kidney

	Control kidneys			Treatment kidneys
	1-right	2-right	4-right	1-left	2-left	3-left	3-right	4-right	5-left	5-right
Kidney vessels	n.a.d	n.a.d	n.a.d	n.a.d	n.a.d	n.a.d	Blood congestion in the medulla	n.a.d	n.a.d	n.a.d
Kidney parenchyma	Chronic inflammation	n.a.d	Chronic inflammation	Chronic inflammation	n.a.d	Chronic inflammation	n.a.d	Chronic inflammation	n.a.d	Chronic inflammation, blood congestion
Inflammation of renal pelvis	Yes, Haemorrhages	Yes (focal)	n.a.d	Yes, Fibrinous exudate, Haemorrhage	Yes, Subepithelial oedema, Haemorrhage	Yes, Subepithelial oedema, Haemorrhage	Yes, Subepithelial oedema, Haemorrhages	Yes Haemorrhage	Yes, Haemorrhage, Subepithelial oedema	No, Haemorrhage (mild)
Urothelium of renal pelvis	Focal desquamation, Focal vacuolization	Extended desquamation, Focal vacuolization	Focal desquamation, Moderate vacuolization	Focal desquamation, Focal vacuolization	Focal desquamation, Focal vacuolization, Fibrinous exudate	Focal desquamation, Focal vacuolization	Extended desquamation	Moderate desquamation, Vacuolization	Moderate desquamation	Moderate desquamation
Inflammation of the ureter	Yes	Yes, Haemorrhage, Fibrinous exudate	Yes (focal), Haemorrhage, Subepithelial oedema	Yes	Yes	Yes (focal)	Yes, Haemorrhages	Yes, Haemorrhages, Fibrinous exudate	Yes	Yes (focal)
Urothelium of the ureter	Nearly complete desquamation	Extended desquamation	Focal desquamation, Moderate to severe vacuolization	Extended desquamation	Focal desquamation	Extended desquamation, Extended vacuolization	~ 30% desquamated, Extended vacuolization	Moderate desquamation	Focal desquamation, Moderate vacuolization	~ 30–50 percent desquamated
Vena renalis	n.a.d	n.a.d	n.a.d	n.a.d	n.a.d	n.a.d	n.a.d	n.a.d	n.a.d	n.a.d

All acute histopathological changes are signalled in bold letters. Each tissue type of each kidney had caudal, medial and cranial sections resected. This table summarizes caudal, medial and cranial results into one qualitative description

(‘n.a.d.’ stands for “nothing abnormal detected”). CT: Reconstructed images from the high-dose CT imaging of all five porcine models with 0.7 mm section thickness revealed the SRFs in both the control and treatment kidneys. 1/7 kidneys were Grade I whereas 6/7 kidneys were Grade II according to the Clavien-Dindo classification [28, 29]. The kindeys showed high stone-free ratesaccording to the guidelines [4]. A further quantification was not possible since the extractable fragments could not be differentiated from the fragments that tightly adhered to the clots on the urothelium