Table 2.
Summary of included studies
| Author | Year | Study type | Type of surgeon | Surgeon experience | Live or simulated procedure | Participants | Surgery types | Stressor |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Keenlyside et al. [24] | 2023 | RCT | General | Medical Students | Simulated | 30 | Simulated laparoscopic peg task | Exposure to validated positive, neutral and negative image stimuli (Open Affective Standardised Image Set) |
| Zheng et al. [25] | 2022 | RCT | General | Medical Students | Simulated | 30 | Simulated laparoscopic peg task | Progressive deterioration in simulated patient physiology and cardiac arrest, observer provided auditory distraction as well as asked participant to complete task more quickly |
| Anton et al. [35] | 2021 | Prospective observational | Neurosurgery, cardiothoracics, other | Fellows, Residents | Live | 15 | Not described | Surgical cases: not comparative |
| Van Houwelingen et al. [36] | 2020 | Prospective observational | General | Surgeons (novice, expert) | Live | 8 | Open and Laparoscopic general surgery including oesophagectomy and cholecystectomy | Surgical cases: not comparative |
| Grantcharov et al. [34] | 2019 | Prospective observational | General | Surgeon | Live | 1 | Gastric bypass, sleeve gastrectomy, peroral endoscopic myotomy | Surgical cases: not comparative |
| Bakhsh et al. [33] | 2019 | Prospective Experimental | Vascular | Residents | Simulated | 10 | Thoracic Endovascular Anuerysm Repair (TEVAR) | Simulated Crisis (not described) |
| Sexton et al. [37] | 2018 | Prospective observational | Urology | Surgeon | Live | 3 | Robot assisted prostatectomy | Surgical cases: not comparative |
| Stefanidis et al. [39] | 2017 | RCT | General | Medical Students | Simulated | 46 | Laparoscopic peg task and suturing followed by retention task in a live animal model | Live animal procedure |
| Crewther et al. [40] | 2016 | Prospective Experimental | General | Medical Students | Simulated | 12 | Simulated laparoscopic suturing | Simulated cases: Not comparative |
| Chung et al. [22] | 2016 | Prospective Experimental | General | Medical Students | Simulated | 53 | Simulated robotic tasks (energy dissection, suture sponge) | 3 different auditory environments (classical, neutral, death metal) |
| Louridas et al. [30] | 2015 | RCT | General | Residents | Simulated | 20 | Laparoscopic jejunostomy | Not comparative: Crisis scenario (anaphylaxis in simulated patient mid-procedure) |
| Berg et al. [20] | 2012 | Prospective Experimental | General | Residents | Simulated | 21 | Laparoscopic peg transfer and knot tie | Change in theatre ambient temperature |
| Poolton et al. [21] | 2011 | Prospective Experimental | General | Medical Students | Simulated | 30 | Simulated laparoscopic peg task | Dual-tasking, evaluative threat, time pressure |
| Wetzel et al. [28] | 2011 | RCT | Vascular | Residents | Simulated | 16 | Carotid Endarterectomy | Simulated stressful intra-operative events (not described) |
| Arora et al. [26] | 2011 | Prospective Experimental | General | Residents | Simulated | 18 | MIST-VR simulator tasks (transfer, diathermy and withdraw and insert) | Simulated cases: Not comparative |
| Shuetz et al. [27] | 2008 | Prospective Experimental | General | Surgeons | Simulated | 18 | LapSim laparoscopic cholecystectomy | Simulated cases: Not comparative |
| Moorthy et al. [31] | 2006 | Prospective Experimental | General | Surgical trainees | Simulated | 20 | Simulated bleeding crisis | Unexpected bleeding within scenario |
| Hassan et al. [29] | 2006 | Prospective Experimental | General | Medical Students and Junior residents | Simulated | 24 | Larparoscopic task: diathermy task | Task set to difficult setting and observer giving negative feedback |
| Moorthy et al. [23] | 2003 | Prospective Experimental | General | Surgeon | Simulated | 13 | Laparoscopic tasks under 5 conditions | Dual-task, background noise, as quickly as possible, all three stressors combined and quiet conditions |