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Comparison of the statistical significance of the proposed method in terms of area under the receiver operating curve (ROC) (AUC). ∗∗∗ represents statistical significance value of P < 0.001. TL-CNN, convolutional neural network-based transfer learning, TL-ViT, vision transformer-based transfer learning, Scratch-ViT, vision transformer model trained from scratch. Error bars represent standard deviation of AUCs.
