TABLE 1.
A review of studies that examined the association between dietary patterns and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
| Authors | Type of study | Population | Association | Gene‐diet interaction results |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mediterranean diet | ||||
| Fischer et al. (2019) | Case–control | 1802 | Positive | Adherence to the Mediterranean diet reduced COPD development. |
| Arslan, Bozkurt, and Bulut (2022) | Cross‐sectional | 446 | Positive | High adherence to Mediterranean diet improves frailty in elderly people with COPD. Also, it improved the severity of the disease and dyspnea. |
| Arslan et al. (2023) | Cross‐sectional | 526 | Positive | High adherence to the Mediterranean diet decreased fatigue and increased independence in daily living activities in older COPD patients. |
| Gutiérrez‐Carrasquilla et al. (2019) | Cross‐sectional | 3020 | Positive | High adherence to the Mediterranean diet increased FVC and FVE1. |
| Yazdanpanah et al. (2016) | Cross‐sectional | 121 | Positive | High Mediterranean diet score was associated with higher FVC and FEV1. |
| Paknahad et al. (2020) | Cross‐sectional | 121 | Positive | Higher Mediterranean diet score was significantly associated with higher sleep quality in COPD patients. |
| Benslimane et al. (2022) | Cross‐sectional | 744 | Not significant | There was no significant correlation between COPD and the overall Mediterranean diet. |
| DASH diet | ||||
| Wen et al. (2023) | Cross‐sectional | 28,605 | Positive and no significant |
Higher adherence to the DASH diet was significantly associated with lower risk of COPD. There was no significant association between high adherence to the Mediterranean diet and lower COPD prevalence. |
| Ardestani et al. (2017) | Case–control | 84 | Positive | Adherence to DASH dietary Pattern significantly reduced FEV1/FVC and cough in the control group. |
| Prudent and Western diet | ||||
| Varraso, Fung, Barr, et al. (2007) | Cohort | 42,917 | Positive and negative |
Adherence to a Prudent diet reduced the risk of newly‐diagnosed COPD. High adherence to the Western diet increases the risk of newly diagnosed COPD. |
| Varraso, Fung, Hu, et al. (2007) | Cohort | 72,043 | Positive and negative |
Adherence to Prudent diet reduced of risk of newly diagnosed COPD. High adherence to the Western diet increased the risk of newly diagnosed COPD. |
| Shaheen et al. (2010) | Cross‐sectional | 2942 | Positive | High adherence to a Prudent dietary pattern decreased prevalence of COPD in males. Also, it was significantly related to higher FVC in both sexes and FEV1 in males. |
| Steinemann et al. (2018) | Cohort | 2178 | Positive | Adherence to the Prudent dietary patterns was associated with high FEV1. |
| Varraso, Chiuva, et al. (2015) | Cohort | 73,228 women and 47,026 men | Positive | Highest diet quality had a significant negative association with the risk of newly diagnosed COPD. |
| Dinparast et al. (2021) | Cross‐sectional | 220 | Positive | Healthy and mixed dietary patterns had a significant opposite association with depression of COPD. |
| Zheng et al. (2016) | Meta‐analysis | 550,614 | Positive and negative |
High adherence to a healthy/prudent dietary pattern reduces COPD risk. High adherence to an unhealthy/Western diet increased the risk of COPD. |
| Varraso et al. (2023) | Cohort | 73,592 women and 46,948 men | Positive | The highest healthful Plant‐based Diet Index score had a 46% reduction in the risk of developing COPD. |
| Sorli‐Aguilar et al. (2016) | Cross‐sectional | 207 | Negative | Adherence to a Westernized diet and impaired lung function (FEV1 < 80% and/or FVC < 80% and/or FEV1/FVC < 0.7) in women. |
| McKeever et al. (2010) | Cross‐sectional | 12,648 | Negative | Adherence to a traditional dietary pattern that is similar to a Western diet decreases FEV1 and increases the prevalence of COPD. |
| Ramadan intermittent fasting diet | ||||
| Rejeb et al. (2018) | Cross‐sectional | 15 | Negative/not significant |
Ramadan intermittent fasting (RIF) reduces the WBC, RBC, hematocrit, and hemoglobin. Also, RIF had not significant effect on ESR and CRP indices. It significantly modified mid‐expiratory flow data too. |
| Zouari et al. (2018) | Cross‐sectional | 16 | Not significant | The spirometry data were not influenced by Ramadan intermittent fasting. |
| Mrad et al. (2019) | Case‐series | 15 | Negative | No significant association between RIF and oxidant stress biomarkers such as homocysteine, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, and antioxidant stress biomarkers such as catalase, ceruloplasmin, superoxide dismutase, zinc, and albumin. Also, RIF had no significant effect on the number of high oxidant stress and low antioxidant stress status. |
| Ketogenic and low‐carbohydrate diet | ||||
| Malmir et al. (2021) | Case–control | 336 | Positive | Adherence to a low‐carbohydrate diet decreases the odds of COPD. |
| Cai et al. (2003) | Randomized clinical trial | 60 | Positive | Adherence to low‐carbohydrate diet reduced PaCO2, minute ventilation, oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide production, and RQ. Also, it increased PaO2 and FEV1 too. |
| Angelillo et al. (1985) | Randomized clinical trial | 14 | Positive | Adherence to low‐ and moderate‐carbohydrate diets, volume of carbon dioxide, respiratory quotient and arterial PaCO2 were significantly decreased. Also, FEV1 and FVC increased significantly. |
| Norwitz et al. (2021) | Case report | 1 | Positive | Adherence to the Ketogenic diet reduced granulocyte‐macrophage colony‐stimulating factor, TNF‐α, IL‐1β, IL‐6, IL‐8, and CRP. Also, FEV1 increased meaningfully. |
| High‐protein diet | ||||
| Yazdanpanah et al. (2010) | Cross‐sectional | 63 | Positive | The amount of protein intake had significant positive association with FVC and vital capacity. |
| Møgelberg et al. (2022) | Randomized clinical trial | 13 | Positive | Adherence to a high‐protein diet combined with physical activity improved peripheral muscle function. |