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. 2024 Nov 26;27(12):111477. doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.111477

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Biosynthetic reaction of the 5-ALA and its downstream pathways

The figure is divided into three parts: central carbon metabolic pathway—TCA cycle (pink), 5-ALA synthetic pathway (blue), cytoplasmic and mitochondrial sections of downstream pathways (yellow and gray, respectively), and heme downstream metabolic pathway (orange). The green line indicates positive regulation, the red line indicates inhibition. Abbreviations: ABCB6, ATP-binding cassette subfamily B member 6; ABCB10, ATP-binding cassette subfamily B member 10; 5-ALA, 5-aminolevulinic acid; ALAD, 5-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase; ALAS, 5-aminolevulinic acid synthase; BVR, biliverdin reductase; CoA-SH, coenzyme A; Copro-P, coproporphyrinogen; CPO, coproporphyrinogen oxidase; CPR, cytochrome P450 reductase; ER, endoplasmaic reticulum; FECH, ferrochelatase; FLVCR1b, feline leukemia virus subgroup C cellular receptor 1b; HMB, hydroxymethylbiline; HO-1, heme oxygenase-1; HO-2, heme oxygenase-2; NADP, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate; PBG, porphobilinogen; PBGD, porphobilinogen deaminase; PEPT1, peptide transporter 1; PEPT2, peptide transporter 2; PPO, protoporphyrinogen oxidase; Proto-P, protoporphyrinogen; SLC25A38, solute carrier family 25 member 38; TCA, tricarboxylic acid; UROD, uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase; Uro-P, uroporphyrinogen; UROS, uroporphyrinogen III synthase.