Table 2.
A summary of the researches on the effect of fixed appliances on oral microbiome in dental plaque and other habitats
|
Appliances |
Groups | Collection samples | Time points | Microbial detection techniques | Related parameters | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| FA | GOH group; POH group; POH/WSL group |
Saliva; Supragingival plaque |
3 months | The counts of the CFUs of Candida species, Streptococcus mutans, and Lactobacilli | DMFT | Klaus et al.56 |
| FA | FA group | Saliva; Supragingival plaque |
T0 (baseline), T1 (1 month) |
metagenomic sequencing | GI, PLI, PD | Jing et al.60 |
| FA | FA group | Saliva; Supragingival plaque |
T0 (baseline), T1 (1 week), T2 (6 weeks), T3 (12 weeks) |
RNA sequencing | BOP, GI, PD, PLI | Babikow et al.48 |
| FA; CA |
FA group (buccal); FA group (lingual); CA group (buccal); CA group (lingual); |
Supragingival plaque (buccal and lingual sides) | >6 months | 16s rDNA sequencing | – | Xie et al.74 |
| FA | WSL group; Control group |
Supragingival plaque | 6-12 months | 16S rRNA sequencing | – | Yang et al.50 |
| FA; CA |
FA group; CA group; |
Supragingival plaque; Plaque from CA tray |
T0 (baseline), T1 (1 month), T2 (3 months), T3 (6 months), T4 (12 months) |
16S rRNA sequencing | GI, PLI | Shokeen et al.75 |
| FA | FA group | GCF; Supragingival plaque |
T0 (baseline), T1 (during the treatment) |
Mass spectroscopy; PCR | DMFT, GI, PLI | Marincak Vrankova et al.76 |
| FA; CA |
FA group; CA group |
Supragingival plaque | 3-6 months | AST; VITEK 2 |
– | Pellissari et al.77 |
| FA | band group; bonded tube group |
Supragingival plaque | T0 (intervals during treatment), T1 (up to 1 year after appliance removal) |
Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and 16S rDNA microarray | – | Ireland et al.78 |
| FA | band group; bonded tube group |
Subgingival plaque | T0 (baseline), T1 (4–7 weeks) |
DNA-strip tehnique | – | Mártha et al.79 |
| FA | FA group; Control group |
Subgingival plaque | T0 (baseline), T1 (6 weeks), T2 (12 weeks) |
16S rRNA sequencing | PD, GR, CAL, BOP | Chen et al.80 |
| FA | FA group | Subgingival plaque | T0 (baseline), T1 (1 month), T2 (3 months) |
16S rRNA sequencing | PLI, GBI | Guo et al.81 |
| FA; CA |
FA group; CA group |
Subgingival plaque | T0 (baseline), T1 (3 months), T2 (6 months) |
Phase-contrast microscope analysis | – | Caccianiga et al.82 |
| FA | FA group | Subgingival plaque | T0 (baseline), T1 (12 months) |
Checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization | PLI, PD, CAL | Lemos et al.83 |
| FA | FA group; Control group |
Subgingival plaque | T0 (baseline), T1 (1 month), T2 (2 months), T3 (3 months), T4 (6 months) |
PCR | GI, fimA genotypes of Porphyromonas gingivalis | Pan et al.84 |
| FA | FA group; Control group |
Subgingival plaque | T0 (baseline), T1 (10 days after debonding) |
PCR | GBI, PLI | Yáñez-Vico et al.85 |
| FA | FA group; Control group |
Subgingival plaque | T0 (debonding), T1 (1 month after debonding), T2 (3 months after debonding) |
Real-time PCR | GI, PD, SBI | Pan et al.86 |
| FA | Placement group; Removal group |
Subgingival plaque | T0 (baseline), T1 (1 month after placement/removal), T1 (3 months after placement/removal) |
PCR | – | Sandić et al.87 |
| FA | SLB group; CB group |
GCF | T0 (baseline), T1 (30 days), T2 (60 days) |
CTAB-DNA precipitation method; Real-time PCR |
– | Bergamo et al.88 |
| FA | Control group; The second group (pregnant women who had previously used FAs); The third group (pregnant women with current FAs) |
Mucosal swabs | – | qPCR | OHI-S | Kurniawan et al.89 |
| FA | Metal bracket group; Ceramic bracket group |
Mucosal swabs | T0 (baseline), T1 (1 month), T2 (6 months), T3 (1 year), T4 (6 months after debonding) |
Candida albicans counts | – | Sanz-Orrio-Soler et al.90 |
| FA | FA group | Mucous membrane of dorsal tongue swabs | – | – | – | Gavrilova et al.91 |
| FA | FA group | Oral rinses and elastomeric ligature samples | T0 (baseline), T1 (2 weeks), T2 (6 weeks), T3 (12 weeks) |
SEM; Candida albicans counts |
API, GBI | Grzegocka et al.92 |
FA: fixed appliances; GOH: good oral hygiene; POH: poor oral hygiene; POH/WSL: poor oral hygiene with white spot lesions; CFU: colony forming unit; DMFT: decayed, missing and filled teeth index; GI: gingival index; PLI: plaque index; PD: probing depth; BOP: bleeding on probing; CA: clear aligner; GCF: gingival crevicular fluid; CB: conventional bracket; SLB: self-ligating bracket; PCR: polymerase chain reaction; AST/VITEK 2: microbial identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing; GR: gingival recession; CAL: clinical attachment level; SBI: sulcus bleeding index; qPCR: quantitative real-time PCR; OHI-S: simplified oral hygiene index; SEM: scanning electron microscopy; API: approximal plaque index.