Table 5.
A summary of the researches on the effect of other orthodontic appliances on oral microbiome
|
Appliances |
Groups | Collection samples | Time points | Microbial detection techniques | Related parameters | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| FA; CA; RP |
FA group; CA group; RP group |
Subgingival plaque | T0 (baseline), T1 (3 months), T2 (6 months) |
Streptococcus and Lactobacillus counts | PLI | Mummolo et al.109 |
| Clear orthodontic retainer | – | Saliva; Plaque from clear retainer |
T0 (1 day), T1 (7 days), T2 (14 days) |
16S rRNA sequencing | – | Velliyagounder et al.110 |
| Thermoplastic retainers | Patient group; Health group |
Saliva; Swabs from tooth surface |
<3 months | the isolation and identification of the bacteria | pH, IgA levels | Al-Lehaibi et al.111 |
| FR; RR |
FR group; RR group; Lower FR and upper RR group |
Salivary swabs | T0 (the first immediately after debonding), T1 (6 weeks after debonding), |
RT-PCR | PLI, GI, PD, BOP, WSL, DMFT | Lucchese et al.112 |
| Expander | RPE group; Mc Namara group; Control group |
Saliva | T0 (baseline), T1 (3 months), T2 (6 months) |
Streptococcus and Lactobacillus counts | – | Ortu et al.113 |
| TADs | The failed group; The successful group |
TADs | – | 16S rRNA sequencing; Metagenomic sequencing; qRT-PCR |
– | Zhao et al.114 |
| TADs | Health group; Periodontitis group |
TADs | – | 16S rRNA sequencing; SEM |
– | Zhao et al.115 |
FA: fixed appliances; CA: clear aligners; RP: removable positioner; PLI: plaque index; IgA: Immunoglobulin A; FR: fixed retention devices; RR: removable retention devices; qRT-PCR: quantitive real-time PCR analysis; GI: gingival index; PD: probing depth; BOP: bleeding on probing; WSL: white spot lesion; DMFT: decayed, missing and filled teeth index; RPE: rapid palatal expander; TADs: temporary anchorage devices; SEM: scanning electron microscopy.