Table 3.
Predictors of AHD from the different studies.
| First authors surname, year, country | Predictor 1 (OR/RR/HR with 95% CI) | Predictor 2 (OR/RR/HR with 95% CI) | Predictor 3 (OR/RR/HR with 95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mutimura et al. 2015 [34]; Rwanda | Male sex (aOR = 1.66, 95% CI: 1.34–2.05). | Older age: (aOR 36–45 vs. < 25 = 1.68, 95% CI: 1.11–2.56, and aOR 46–55 vs. < 25 = 2.26, 95% CI: 1.20–4.30) | Gap in care of 12 or more months before ART initiation (aOR = 5.23, 95% CI: 1.23–21.13). |
| Living with a partner versus married=0.75, 95% CI: 0.58–0.98 | |||
| Unknown eligibility versus eligible for ART aOR = 0.16, 95% CI: 0.04–0.63. | |||
| Hønge et al. 2016 [35]; Guinea‐Bissau | Male gender (aOR 1.49), single versus married (aOR 1.30), | age 30–49 years (aOR 1.66), age = 50 years (aOR 1.48), | Fula ethnicity (aOR 1.47) Mandinga ethnicity (aOR 2.04). |
| Gesesew et al. 2018 [38]; Ethiopia | Older adults aged between 25–< 50 years (aOR = 0.4, 95% CI: 0.3–0.6) and 50+ years (aOR = 0.4, 95% CI: 0.2–0.6 | Females were 20% high likely (aOR = 1.2, 95% CI: 1.03–1.5) to present late for HIV care than their comparator. | No previous history of HIV testing (aOR = 1.2, 95% CI: 1.1–1.4) was a risk factor for LP |
| TB/HIV co‐infection (aOR = 1.6, 95% CI: 1.09–2.1 | HIV care enrolment period in 2012 and after (aOR = 0.8, 95% CI: 0.7–0.9) was a protective factor for LP | ||
| Luma et al. 2018 [39]; Cameroon | PMTCT/blood donation (OR = 0.16, 95% CI 0.10–0.29), | Students (Unemployed) had lower odds of presenting late compared to people who had employment (OR = 0.50, 95%CI = 0.26–0.98). | Calendar time OR = 1.64, 95% CI = 1.08–2.48 for ≥ 2010 versus < 2005) increased the odds of late presentation. |
| Having a positive partner (OR = 0.16, 95% CI = 0.10–0.26), and routine screening (OR = 0.13, 95% CI = 0.10–0.19) reduced the odds of presenting late compared to clinical suspicion. | |||
| Lifson et al. 2019 [23]; Botswana | Males were associated with advanced HIV disease (adjusted RR = 1.20, 95% CI, 1.10–1.31, p < 0.001) | Unemployment (adjusted RR = 1.28, 95% CI, 1.15–1.42, p < 0.001) | ≤ 25 years of age were less likely to have advanced HIV disease (adjusted RR = 0.83, 95% CI, 0.74–0.94, p = 0.001) |
| Benzekri et al.2 2019 [42]; Senegal | Age ≥ 35 (OR 5.80, 95% CI 2.35–14.30) | Having sought care from a traditional healer before presentation at a health facility (OR 3.86, 95% CI 1.17–12.78) | |
| Lebelonyane et al. 2020 [24]; Botswana | Males [23.7 vs. 13.4%, adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 1.9, 95% CI 1.5–2.3]. | Increasing age [9.1% of those < 25 years, 15.0% of those aged 25–34 years, and 20.4% of those> 35 years; aOR relative to the < 25 years category of 1.5 (95% CI 1.0–2.4) and 2.2 (95% CI 1.4–3.2) respectively. | A new (rather than previously known) HIV diagnosis (aOR 1.3, 95% CI 1.0–1.6); |
| HIV testing through mobile rather than home‐based contact (aOR 1.3, 95% CI 1.0–1.6); | |||
| Widowed or divorced (aOR 2.6, 95% CI 1.6–4.3) | |||
| Musengimana et al. 2022 [45]; Rwanda | Older age was significantly associated with advanced HIV disease, with 39.0% of advanced HIV patients being ≥ 45 years compared to 19.0% of non‐advanced. | Be identified through inpatient settings rather than through voluntary or prenatal testing | Compared to non‐AHD patients, AHD patients were more likely to be underweight (BMI < 18.5, 20.9%. vs 9.6%) and to be severely underweight (BMI < 16, 8.6% vs. 1.5%). |
Abbreviations: HR, hazzard ratio; OR, odds ratio; RR, risk ratio.