Figure 1. Spatial effect and temporal trend of relative risk in the whole population. ${\displaystyle \mathrm{e}\mathrm{x}\mathrm{p}\left(v_i+u_i\right)}$ was the spatial risk of hepatitis C, which was influenced by economic conditions, medical resources and other relevant factors within the study period; ${\displaystyle \mathrm{e}\mathrm{x}\mathrm{p}\left({\delta }_{it}\right)}$ described the trend of disease risk over time in each district/country.