Table 1. Basic characteristics of the study participants by DKD stages.
| Characteristics | NDKD | Mid DKD | End DKD | P value* |
| n (%) | 432 (52.0) | 258 (31.1) | 140 (16.9) | |
| Sex (%) | 0.430 | |||
| Male | 280 (64.8) | 162 (62.8) | 97 (69.3) | |
| Female | 152 (35.2) | 96 (37.2) | 43 (30.7) | |
| Age, years, n (%) | ||||
| <40 | 55 (12.7) | 24 (9.3) | 6 (4.3) | 0.003 |
| 40–60 | 213 (49.3) | 106 (41.1) | 66 (47.1) | |
| >60 | 164 (38.0) | 128 (49.6) | 68 (48.6) | |
| BMI, m/kg2 n (%) | ||||
| <24 | 156 (36.1) | 74 (28.7) | 38 (27.1) | 0.104 |
| 24–28 | 188 (43.5) | 116 (45.0) | 70 (50.0) | |
| >28 | 88 (20.4) | 68 (26.4) | 32 (22.9) | |
| Smoke, n (%) | 0.111 | |||
| Never | 286 (66.2) | 163 (63.2) | 79 (56.4) | |
| Ever | 146 (33.8) | 95 (36.8) | 61 (43.6) | |
| Education, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| High school graduate or less | 198 (45.8) | 102 (72.9) | 172 (66.7) | |
| College graduate or higher | 234 (54.2) | 38 (27.1) | 86 (33.3) | |
| Occupation, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| Heavy physical work | 80 (18.5) | 76 (29.5) | 72 (51.4) | |
| Light physical work | 352 (81.5) | 182 (70.5) | 68 (48.6) | |
| Anemia | <0.001 | |||
| No | 361 (85.5) | 181 (72.1) | 22 (15.8) | |
| Yes | 61 (14.5) | 70 (27.9) | 117 (84,2) | |
| Diabetes-specific complications, n (%)† | 0.088 | |||
| No | 38 (8.8) | 15 (5.8) | 17 (12.1) | |
| Yes | 394 (91.2) | 243 (94.2) | 123 (87.9) | |
| Cardiovascular diseases, n (%)‡ | <0.001 | |||
| No | 197 (45.6) | 71 (27.5) | 10 (7.1) | |
| Yes | 235 (54.4) | 187 (72.5) | 130 (92.9) | |
| Other systemic diseases, n (%)§ | <0.001 | |||
| No | 76 (17.6) | 61 (23.6) | 49 (35.0) | |
| Yes | 356 (82.4) | 197 (76.4) | 91 (65.0) | |
VP values were calculated using the Wilcoxon rank-sum test for continuous variables and the chi-squareχ2 test for categorical variables. P values in bold represent values less than 0.05
Diabetic S-specific Ccomplications in this paper mainly included diabetic foot, diabetic ketosis, fundus disease, diabetic retinopathy, diabetic nephropathy, diabetic peripheral vascular disease, diabetic peripheral neuropathy, and diabetic macrovascular disease.
The Ccardiovascular Ddiseases in this paper mainly include peripheral atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, and hypertension.
Other Ssystemic Ddiseases in this paper mainly include respiratory system diseases, digestive system diseases, fatty liver, and other related diseases of the endocrine system.
BMI, body mass index; DKD, diabetic kidney diseaseNDKD, non-DKD