Table 3. Single model between trace elements and DKD stages after PSM.
| Elements | Mid DKD | End DKD | ||||||
| Model 1 (unadjusted)OR (95% CI)* | P value | Model 2 (adjusted)OR (95% CI)† | P value | Model 1 (unadjusted)OR (95% CI)* | P value | Model 2 (adjusted)OR (95% CI)† | P value | |
| Iron | 0.81(0.67, 0.97) | 0.025 | 0.77(0.62, 0.95) | 0.014 | 0.32(0.22, 0.46) | <0.001 | 0.35(0.21, 0.60) | <0.001 |
| Copper | 1.23(1.06, 1.43) | 0.007 | 1.21(1.02, 1.44) | 0.027 | 2.03(1.51, 2.73) | <0.001 | 1.79(1.14, 2.83) | 0.012 |
| Chromium | 1.67(1.18, 2.35) | 0.003 | 1.71(1.17, 2.50) | 0.006 | 1.26 (0.84, 1.90) | 0.257 | 1.24 (0.65, 2.35) | 0.518 |
| Cobalt | 1.02 (0.87, 1.20) | 0.813 | 0.99 (0.83, 1.19) | 0.932 | 0.70(0.58, 0.86) | 0.001 | 0.70(0.51, 0.94) | 0.020 |
| Zinc | 1.15 (0.98, 1.34) | 0.090 | 1.12 (0.95, 1.32) | 0.182 | 0.78(0.63, 0.98) | 0.034 | 0.81 (0.55, 1.21) | 0.302 |
| Selenium | 0.92(0.86, 1.00) | 0.047 | 0.94 (0.86, 1.02) | 0.123 | 0.86(0.76, 0.97) | 0.015 | 0.97 (0.82, 1.16) | 0.778 |
| Vanadium | 0.93 (0.75, 1.16) | 0.533 | 0.83 (0.64, 1.06) | 0.139 | 0.93 (0.72, 1.21) | 0.602 | 0.60(0.37, 0.98) | 0.040 |
| Nickel | 0.55(0.43, 0.69) | <0.001 | 0.50(0.38, 0.66) | <0.001 | 0.29(0.20, 0.43) | <0.001 | 0.30(0.17, 0.53) | <0.001 |
| Manganese | 1.25(1.10, 1.42) | 0.001 | 1.27(1.10, 1.47) | 0.001 | 1.93(1.48, 2.51) | <0.001 | 1.74(1.20, 2.53) | 0.004 |
Note: Association between 9nine trace elements and mid DKD and end DKD using conditional logistic regression.
Bolded values denote statistically significant odds ratios (OR), defined as P < 0.05 and 95% confidence intervals (CI) excluding the null value of 1.
*
Model 1 is an unadjusted model.
†
Model 2 was adjusted by sex, BMI, age, smokinge status, education, occupation, diabetes -specific complications, cardiovascular diseases, and other systemic diseases.
BMIbody mass indexDKD, diabetic kidney diseasePSMpropensity score matching