Table 3.
Characteristics of the study population among participants and based on sleep quality index and circadian rhythm
| Characteristics | Sleep quality index (N = 321) | Circadian rhythm (N = 330) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| < 5 Good (N = 155) |
≥ 5 Poor (N = 166) |
P-value | P-value* | Normal (N = 196) |
Morning (N = 45) |
Evening (N = 90) |
P-value | P-value* | |
| Age (year) | 36.35 ± 8.60 | 36.84 ± 10.16 | 0.64 | 0.65 | 36.29 ± 9.81 | 34.11 ± 8.10 | 39.02 ± 8.51 | 0.009 | 0.007 |
| PA (min/day) | 961.64 ± 1014.94 | 1212.95 ± 1978.24 | 0.25 | 0.3 | 1087.48 ± 1665.42 | 890.51 ± 1090.18 | 1488.15 ± 2511.28 | 0.28 | 0.19 |
| Anthropometric indices and body composition | |||||||||
| Body weight (kg) | 80.93 ± 12.64 | 80.87 ± 11.91 | 0.96 | 0.98 | 80.62 ± 11.97 | 84.55 ± 14.72 | 79.25 ± 10.71 | 0.05 | 0.17 |
| Height (cm) | 160.86 ± 5.99 | 161.14 ± 5.86 | 0.67 | 0.99 | 160.56 ± 5.76 | 162.82 ± 6.03 | 160.70 ± 5.91 | 0.06 | 0.89 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 31.20 ± 4.31 | 31.18 ± 4.23 | 0.96 | 0.87 | 31.31 ± 4.30 | 31.81 ± 4.49 | 30.70 ± 3.85 | 0.31 | 0.08 |
| Fat mass (kg) | 34.35 ± 8.59 | 34.93 ± 8.83 | 0.54 | 0.78 | 34.78 ± 8.48 | 36.88 ± 10.82 | 33.21 ± 7.56 | 0.06 | 0.11 |
| BF (%) | 42.05 ± 5.28 | 42.70 ± 5.41 | 0.28 | 0.66 | 42.71 ± 5.33 | 42.84 ± 5.63 | 41.49 ± 5.03 | 0.16 | 0.22 |
| FMI (kg/m) | 13.30 ± 3.30 | 13.54 ± 3.43 | 0.52 | 0.74 | 13.58 ± 3.35 | 13.89 ± 3.76 | 12.88 ± 3.02 | 0.16 | 0.18 |
| FFM (kg) | 46.49 ± 6.02 | 46.00 ± 5.40 | 0.43 | 0.71 | 45.87 ± 5.68 | 47.81 ± 5.78 | 46.18 ± 5.43 | 0.11 | 0.46 |
| WC (cm) | 98.98 ± 10.50 | 99.51 ± 9.72 | 0.63 | 0.57 | 99.33 ± 9.81 | 102.22 ± 11.48 | 97.81 ± 9.54 | 0.05 | 0.09 |
| WHR (cm) | 0.93 ± 0.05 | 1.48 ± 7.06 | 0.33 | 0.21 | 0.93 ± 0.05 | 0.94 ± 0.05 | 1.93 ± 9.60 | 0.27 | 0.22 |
| Blood parameters | |||||||||
| FBG (mg/dl) | 87.46 ± 9.45 | 86.79 ± 9.68 | 0.63 | 0.70 | 87.32 ± 10.10 | 87.47 ± 8.55 | 86.79 ± 8.57 | 0.93 | 0.68 |
| TC (mg/dl) | 184.66 ± 30.49 | 176.97 ± 33.46 | 0.10 | 0.41 | 178.21 ± 31.64 | 188.69 ± 47.79 | 186.65 ± 32.61 | 0.19 | 0.10 |
| TG (mg/dl) | 108.57 ± 54.05 | 124.80 ± 61.5 | 0.04 | 0.06 | 116.24 ± 58.79 | 114.76 ± 55.02 | 120.25 ± 60.17 | 0.89 | 0.57 |
| HDL-c (mg/dl) | 47.85 ± 9.80 | 46.20 ± 9.27 | 0.24 | 0.08 | 46.79 ± 8.63 | 45.52 ± 12.16 | 48.15 ± 10.87 | 0.50 | 0.63 |
| LDL-c (mg/dl) | 100.97 ± 21.56 | 95.33 ± 22.67 | 0.08 | 0.49 | 95.99 ± 22.33 | 97.47 ± 28.28 | 102.36 ± 21.30 | 0.22 | 0.84 |
| Blood pressure | |||||||||
| SBP (mmHg) | 111.32 ± 12.97 | 110.03 ± 16.62 | 0.51 | 0.57 | 110.39 ± 15.23 | 109.53 ± 14.31 | 112.89 ± 14.52 | 0.46 | 0.59 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 78.05 ± 8.45 | 76.24 ± 12.00 | 0.20 | 0.29 | 77.20 ± 10.79 | 74.57 ± 7.72 | 78.47 ± 9.36 | 0.24 | 0.17 |
| Qualitative variables | |||||||||
| Marital situation | |||||||||
| Single | 33 (34.7) | 62 (63.5) | 0.002 | 0.002 | 36 (70.6) | 6 (11.8) | 9 (17.6) | 0.06 | 0.06 |
| Married | 122 (54) | 104 (46) | 92 (53.8) | 21 (12.3) | 58 (33.9) | ||||
| Education | |||||||||
| Less diploma | 25 (58.1) | 18 (41.9) | 0.38 | 0.40 | 19 (55.9) | 1 (2.9) | 14 (41.2) | 0.21 | 0.22 |
| Diploma | 57 (46.7) | 65 (53.3) | 50 (59.5) | 9 (10.7) | 25 (29.8) | ||||
| Bachelor or higher | 73 (46.8) | 83 (53.2) | 59 (56.7) | 17 (16.3) | 28 (26.9) | ||||
| Job | |||||||||
| Employed | 56 (42.7) | 75 (57.3) | 0.10 | 0.12 | 51 (60.7) | 6 (7.1) | 27 (32.1) | 0.18 | 0.2 |
| Unemployed | 97 (51.9) | 90 (48.1) | 74 (54.8) | 21 (15.6) | 40 (29.6) | ||||
| Economic status | |||||||||
| Poor | 28 (58.3) | 20 (41.7) | 0.29 | 0.29 | 30 (61.2) | 2 (4.1) | 17 (34.7) | 0.19 | 0.17 |
| Moderate | 52 (51) | 50 (49) | 60 (54.1) | 18 (16.2) | 33 (29.7) | ||||
| Good | 35 (63.6) | 20 (36.4) | 37 (64.9) | 6 (10.5) | 14 (24.6) | ||||
DII: dietary insulin index, DIL: dietary insulin load, PA: physical activity, BMI: body mass index, BF: body fat, FMI: fat mass index, FFM: fat free mass, WC: waist circumference, WHR: weight to hip ratio, FBG: fasting blood glucose, TC: total cholesterol, TG: triglyceride, HDL−c: high−density lipoprotein, LDL−c: low−density lipoprotein, SBP: systolic blood pressure, DBP: diastolic blood pressure
Quantitative variables as means ± SD obtained from the independent t−test
Qualitative variables N (%) obtained from the chi−square analysis
P−value* obtained from ANCOVA test
P−value * is obtained by adjusting the variables of age, energy intake and IPAQ, and < 0.05 were considered significant