Table 3.
Risk and protective factors of change in insomnia symptoms
| OR (95% CI) | ||
|---|---|---|
| New-onset vs. Resistance | Persistence vs. Remission | |
| Demographic characteristics | ||
| Sex (male as Ref.) | 1.09 (0.99–1.21) | 1.11 (0.93–1.32) |
| Grade (grade 8 as Ref.) | ||
| Grade 5 | 1.25 (1.05–1.47)** | 1.00 (0.78–1.27) |
| Grade 6 | 1.06 (0.90–1.26) | 0.81 (0.63–1.06) |
| Grade 7 | 1.23 (1.06–1.44)** | 0.98 (0.77–1.24) |
| Private school (public school as Ref.) | 0.98 (0.88–1.09) | 1.04 (0.87–1.25) |
| Boarding at School (no as Ref.) | 1.16 (0.96–1.40) | 0.78 (0.58–1.04) |
| No sibling (more than one sibling as Ref.) | 0.98 (0.86–1.11) | 0.98 (0.78–1.22) |
| Poor parental marital status (married as Ref.) | 1.20 (0.97–1.49) | 1.54 (1.11–2.12)** |
| Family income (monthly) (< ¥ 12,000 as Ref.) | ||
| ¥ 12,000- ¥ 30,000 | 1.07 (0.94–1.21) | 1.08 (0.87–1.34) |
| > ¥ 30,000 | 0.90 (0.73–1.09) | 0.97 (0.70–1.34) |
| Unknown | 0.95 (0.83–1.08) | 1.14 (0.93–1.40) |
| Chronic somatic diseases (no as Ref.) | 1.03 (0.79–1.34) | 1.45 (1.05–2.01)* |
| Family history of mental illness (no as Ref.) | 1.26 (0.80–1.99) | 0.59 (0.31–1.14) |
| Anxiety and depressive symptoms (no as Ref.) | 2.91 (2.49–3.41) *** | 1.52 (1.28–1.81) *** |
| “Double Reduction” policy-related variables | ||
| Reduced homework (no as Ref.) | 0.75 (0.65–0.86) *** | 0.83 (0.67–1.02) |
| More extracurricular activities (no as Ref.) | 0.88 (0.76–1.01) | 1.03 (0.82–1.29) |
| Increased physical activity (no as Ref.) | 1.04 (0.91–1.19) | 0.89 (0.72–1.10) |
| More family time (no as Ref.) | 0.50 (0.44–0.57) *** | 0.59 (0.49–0.72) *** |
| Reduced academic pressure (no as Ref.) | 0.77 (0.71–0.83) *** | 0.70 (0.56–0.86) *** |
Note: *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001. OR, odds ratio; 95%CI, 95% confidence interval; Ref, reference