Table 7.

Distribution of class format between Spring 2020 and Spring 2022

Class Format	Spring 2020	Fall 2020	Spring 2021	Fall 2021	Spring 2022
Recorded online	88.9%	87.2%	87.7%	85.8%	75.3%
Live online	62.0%	64.6%	62.9%	62.3%	49.4%
Face-to-face	10.2%	44.7%	56.8%	59.7%	62.6%

(1) Participants who took at least one class in a respective format were counted towards the total. (2) Record online classes are pre-recorded and can be viewed on demand; Live online classes require students to join the classes online at specific class times; and face-to-face classes are held in person. As Japan did not lock down during COVID-19, universities could offer FTF classes, but the number of classes was significantly reduced. (3) Percentages only consider the time when the participants were university students, i.e., first-year students in 2022 were not included in 2020 and 2021 calculations