Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the study adult participants by gender and NAFLD (n = 3110), AmolCS, 2016–2017
| Characteristic | Overall | Women (n = 1398) | Men (n = 1712) | Non NAFLD (n = 1658) | NAFLD (n = 1452) |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | P value | N (%) | N (%) | P value | |
| Family history of diseases | |||||||
| Family history of Diabetes | 1122(36.1) | 536(38.3) | 586(34.2) | 0.01 | 572(34.5) | 550(37.9) | 0.02 |
| Family history of CVDs | 217(7.0) | 104(7.4) | 113(6.6) | 0.20 | 113(6. 8) | 104(7.2) | 0.37 |
| Family history of HPTN | 1395(44.9) | 744(53.2) | 651(38.0) | < 0.001 | 660(39.8) | 735(50.6) | < 0.001 |
| Residual areas | |||||||
| Rural | 1366(43.9) | 506(36.2) | 860(50.2) | < 0.001 | 725(56.3) | 641(44.1) | 0.42 |
| Urban | 1744(56.1) | 892(63.8) | 852(49.8) | 933(56.3) | 811(55.9) | ||
| Comorbidities | |||||||
| Diabetes | 469(15.1) | 276(19.7) | 193(11.3) | < 0.001 | 168(10.1) | 301(20.7) | < 0.001 |
| Metabolic syndrome | 865(27.8) | 511(36.6) | 354(20.7) | < 0.001 | 232(14.0) | 633(43.6) | < 0.001 |
| Heart disease | 142(4.6) | 50(3.6) | 92(5.4) | 0.01 | 77(4.6) | 65(4.5) | 0.44 |
| Lifestyle factors | |||||||
| Lowering serum glucose agent’s user | 181(5.8) | 90(6.4) | 91(5.3) | 0.10 | 70(4.2) | 111(7.6) | < 0.001 |
| Lowering serum lipid agent’s user | 366(11.8) | 197(14.1) | 169(9.9) | 0.001 | 167(10.1) | 199(13.7) | 0.001 |
| Lowering hypertension agent’s user | 574(18.5) | 297(21.2) | 277(16.2) | < 0.001 | 266(16.0) | 308(21.2) | < 0.001 |
| Past/Current smoking | 443(14.2) | 8(0.6) | 435(25.4) | < 0.001 | 259(15.6) | 184(12.7) | 0.01 |
| Alcohol drinker (≥ 40 g) | 178(5.7) | 5(0.4) | 178(5.7) | < 0.001 | 85(5.1) | 93(6.4) | 0.16 |
| Physical activity (MET-h/d) | |||||||
| Low | 1069(34.4) | 525(37.6) | 544(31.8) | < 0.001 | 538(32.4) | 531(36.6) | 0.03 |
| Moderate | 1139(36.6) | 534(38.2) | 605(35.3) | 615(37.1) | 524(36.1) | ||
| high | 902(29.0) | 339(24.2) | 563(32.9) | 505(30.5) | 397(27.3) | ||
| Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | P value | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | P value | |
| Age (years) | 46.97 ± 14.61 | 45.83 ± 14.03 | 47.91 ± 15.01 | < 0.001 | 45.58 ± 16.11 | 48.56 ± 12.50 | < 0.001 |
| Anthropometric parameters | |||||||
| Body mass index (BMI, kg/m2) | 28.04 ± 5.05 | 29.55 ± 5.37 | 26.81 ± 4.41 | < 0.001 | 25.89 ± 4.45 | 30.50 ± 4.55 | < 0.001 |
| Waist circumference (WC, cm) | 88.82 ± 11.34 | 87.70 ± 12.14 | 89.57 ± 10.57 | < 0.001 | 83.58 ± 10.12 | 94.79 ± 9.56 | < 0.001 |
| Waist to height (WHtR) ratio | 0.54 ± 0.07 | 0.56 ± 0.08 | 0.52 ± 0.06 | < 0.001 | 0.51 ± 0.06 | 0.58 ± 0.06 | < 0.001 |
| Waist to hip (WHR) ratio | 0.87 ± 0.08 | 0.84 ± 0.08 | 0.89 ± 0.07 | < 0.001 | 0.85 ± 0.08 | 0.90 ± 0.07 | < 0.001 |
| Cardiometabolic parameters | |||||||
| Serum triglycerides (TG, mg/dl) | 134.86 ± 91.21 | 129.07 ± 89.21 | 139.57 ± 92.57 | 0.001 | 112.52 ± 66.72 | 160.38 ± 107.33 | < 0.001 |
| Serum total cholesterol (T-C, mg/dl) | 180.70 ± 40.28 | 183.41 ± 41.86 | 178.48 ± 38.81 | 0.001 | 175.85 ± 38.01 | 186.23 ± 41.01 | < 0.001 |
| Serum high-density lipoprotein (HDL, mg/dl) | 43.67 ± 11.69 | 46.04 ± 11.85 | 41.74 ± 11.20 | < 0.001 | 44.72 ± 11.75 | 42.47 ± 11.51 | < 0.001 |
| Serum low-density lipoprotein (LDL, mg/dl) | 99.30 ± 26.29 | 99.65 ± 26.73 | 99.01 ± 25.94 | 0.49 | 97.60 ± 26.48 | 101.24 ± 25.95 | < 0.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure (SBP, mmHg) | 114.86 ± 19.27 | 113.71 ± 20.64 | 115.80 ± 18.03 | 0.003 | 111.21 ± 18.36 | 119.03 ± 19.44 | < 0.001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (DBP, mmHg) | 71.69 ± 11.85 | 70.91 ± 12.33 | 72.32 ± 11.42 | 0.001 | 69.02 ± 11.14 | 74.72 ± 11.92 | < 0.001 |
| Fasting blood glucose (FBS, mg/dl) | 106.23 ± 35.39 | 108.98 ± 40.73 | 103.98 ± 30.18 | < 0.001 | 101.21 ± 31.33 | 111.96 ± 38.75 | < 0.001 |
| Serum C-reactive protein (CRP, mg/dl) | 3.51 ± 6.78 | 4.36 ± 7.42 | 2.83 ± 6.12 | < 0.001 | 2.94 ± 6.30 | 4.17 ± 7.24 | < 0.001 |
| Liver parameters | |||||||
| Alanine transaminase (ALT, mg/dl) | 24.01 ± 17.58 | 19.87 ± 14.04 | 27.40 ± 19.37 | < 0.001 | 19.87 ± 13.05 | 28.74 ± 20.64 | < 0.001 |
| Aspartate transaminase (AST, mg/dl) | 21.52 ± 9.19 | 19.50 ± 8.29 | 23.17 ± 9.55 | < 0.001 | 20.52 ± 8.69 | 22.67 ± 9.59 | < 0.001 |
| Gamma-glutamyl-transferase (GGT, mg/dl) | 27.19 ± 19.24 | 24.27 ± 18.74 | 29.57 ± 19.31 | < 0.001 | 23.98 ± 18.23 | 30.85 ± 19.70 | < 0.001 |
| Alkaline phosphatase (AP, mg/dl) | 197.88 ± 59.58 | 196.33 ± 67.53 | 199.15 ± 52.18 | 0.18 | 193.08 ± 61.33 | 203. 36 ± 57.04 | < 0.001 |
| Dietary parameters | |||||||
| energy-adjusted dietary index (E-DII) score | -0.79 ± 1.18 | -0.83 ± 1.17 | -0.76 ± 1.18 | 0.13 | -0.75 ± 1.18 | -0.83 ± 1.17 | 0.06 |
| Dietary energy density (DED) | 1.52 ± 0.47 | 1.46 ± 0.41 | 1.56 ± 0.51 | < 0.001 | 1.52 ± 0.49 | 1.51 ± 0.45 | 0.45 |
Data are Mean ± SD (all such values) unless indicated. Significant at P < 0.05 for independent t-test for continuous variables and chi-square test for categorical variables