Table 3.

Diagnostic accuracy results — general population

Study	Algorithm description in the primary study	TP	FP	FN	TN	N total	Sn	95% CI Sn		Sp	95% CI Sp		PPV	95% CI PPV		NPV	95% CI NPV
Dunlay, 2022a [33]	D1 — 1 hospitalization for HF/VA in a year + 1 additional signb	824	2421	23	5389	8657	97.3	97.0	97.6	69.0	68.0	70.0	25.4c	24.5	26.3	99.6c	99.5	99.8
	D2 — 1 hospitalization for HF/VA in a year or ED visit in HF/VA + 1 additional signb	824	2851	23	4959	8657	97.3	97.0	97.6	63.5	62.5	64.5	22.4c	21.5	23.3	99.5c	99.5	99.7
	D3 — 2 hospitalizations for HF/VA in a year	628	836	219	6974	8657	74.1	73.2	75.0	89.3	88.6	90.0	42.9c	41.8	43.9	97.1c	96.7	97.4
	D4 — 2 hospitalizations for HF/VA in a year + 1 additional signb	616	797	231	7013	8657	72.7	71.8	73.6	89.8	89.2	90.4	43.6c	42.6	44.6	96.9c	96.6	97.3
Tison, 2018 [37]	T1 — ≥ 1 HF code regardless of inpatient/outpatient status	1732	797	469	73,256	76,254	78.7	78.4	79.0	98.9	98.8	99.0	68.5	68.2	68.8	99.4	99.3	99.5
	T2 — ≥ 2 HF codes code regardless of inpatient/outpatient status	1358	354	843	73,699	76,254	61.7	61.4	62.0	99.5	99.4	99.6	79.3	79.0	79.6	98.9	98.8	99.0
	T3 — ≥ 1 inpatient or ≥ 2 outpatient HF codes	1613	564	588	73,489	76,254	73.3	73.0	73.6	99.2	99.1	99.3	74.1	73.8	74.4	99.2	99.1	99.3
Franchini, 2018 [38]	F1 — CARPEDIEM	271	50	41	27	389	86.7	83.3	90.1	35.6	30.4	40.8	84.5c	76.7	92.3	50.4c	45.4	55.4
Schultz, 2013 [39]	S1 — 1 CIHI or OHIP claim narrow	89	145	10	2094	2338	89.9	83.9	95.9	93.5	92.5	94.5	38.0	31.8	44.3	99.5	99.2	99.8
	S2 — 1 CIHI or 1 OHIP + 2nd claim (any source) in 1-year narrow	84	67	15	2172	2338	84.8	77.7	92.0	97.0	96.3	97.7	55.6	47.6	63.6	99.3	99.0	99.6
Alqaisi, 2009 [40]	A1 — ≥ 2 HF encounters OR any hospital discharge diagnosis of HF					100	70.8	61.9	79.7	74.3	65.7	82.9
	A2 — ≥ 2 HF encounters OR primary hospital discharge diagnosis of HF					300	60.3	54.8	65.8	85.9	81.9	89.8
Wilchesky, 2004 [46]	W1 — Diagnosis of HF, all physician	439	549	618	13,374	14,980	41.5	38.6	44.5	96.1	95.7	96.4	44.5	43.7	45.2	95.6	95.3	95.9
	W2 — Diagnosis of HF, billing physician	262	196	795	13,727	14,980	24.8	22.3	27.5	98.6	98.4	98.8	57.2	56.4	58.0	94.5	94.2	94.9

Abbreviations: CIHI Canadian Institute for Health Information, OHIP Ontario Health Insurance Plan, VA ventricular arrhythmia. Details on algorithms are reported in Supplementary Table S2 in Additional file 4

^aOutcome, advanced HF. ^bHyponatremia, hypotension, acute kidney injury/dialysis, use of high-dose loop diuretics, and use of metolazone. ^cFigures were recalculated using Sn and Sp values and HF prevalence reported in the study