Table 1.
Characteristics of included literatures
| Researcher and Year | Country | Sample Size (C/T) | Age (C/T) | Disease Duration (C/T) | Interventions (C/T) | Stimulation Frequency | Stimulation Intensity | Stimulation Site | Treatment Duration | Outcome Measures | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cognition | Depression | Walking Ability | ||||||||||||
|
Zhuang et al. 2020 [34] |
China | 14/19 |
61.57 ± 13.25/ 60.58 ± 9.21 |
68.57 ± 45.29 M 70.37 ± 52.26 M |
①/rTMS | 1 Hz | 110%RMT |
Right DLPFC |
20 min/d,10d | MOCA | HAMD | - | UPDRSIII | - |
|
Hu et al. 2023 [32] |
China | 47/47 |
68.13 ± 5.41/ 68.13 ± 5.41 |
4.21 ± 0.69 4.30 ± 0.71 |
②/②rTMS | 5 Hz | 80%MT |
Bilatera DLPFC |
5times/week,2week | - | - | - | UPDRSIII | - |
|
Chen et al. 2014 [40] |
China | 18/21 |
66.61 ± 8.00/ 65.81 ± 9.38、63.19 ± 8.16 |
6.22 ± 3.96 5.88 ± 5.29 |
①/rTMS | 1 Hz/5Hz | 100%RMT | M1 | 1times/d,10d | - | HAMD | - | UPDRSIII | - |
|
Yu et al. 2017 [39] |
China | 30/31 |
60.16 ± 10.14/ 60.32 ± 9.63 |
2.62 ± 0.86 2.33 ± 0.74 |
①②/rTMS | 5 Hz | 100%MEP |
Bilatera DLPFC |
1times/d,10d | - | - | - | UPDRSIII | - |
|
Li et al. 2019 [36] |
China | 41/41 |
54.54 ± 3. 51/ 54. 51 ± 3. 49 |
3.12 ± 0.53 3.13 ± 0.55 |
②③/②③rTMS | 5 Hz | 80%MT |
Bilatera DLPFC |
1times/d, 5 d /w,4w |
MoCA | - | - | UPDRSIII | - |
|
Dong et al. 2018 [38] |
China | 30/30 | 65.83 ± 11.57 | 7.3 ± 2.4 | ②/②rTMS | 5 Hz | 80%MT | BilateraDLPFC |
1times/d, 5d /w,4w |
MoCA | - | - | - | - |
|
Li et al. 2020 [35] |
China | 24/24 |
61.46 ± 8.40/ 61.67 ± 6.92 |
6.46 ± 5.17 5.48 ± 3.69 |
①/rTMS | 20 Hz | 80%RMT | M1 | 20 min/d | - | HAMD | - | - | - |
|
Chung et al. 2020 [33] |
Hong Kong | 16/17 |
62.1 ± 5.7/ 62.1 ± 5.7 62.7 ± 6.8 |
6.9 ± 3.3 7.5 ± 4.9 |
①/rTMS | 1 Hz/25Hz | 80%RMT | M1 | 20 min/times, 5times/d | - | - | TUGT | UPDRSIII | - |
|
Mi et al. 2019 [37] |
China | 10/20 |
65.60 ± 8.68/ 62.65 ± 10.56 |
7.40 ± 4.83 9.15 ± 5.82 |
①/rTMS | 10 Hz |
46.0 ± 6.8%/ 45.6%±6.7% |
SMA |
1times/d, 5d/w,2w |
- | - | TUGT | UPDRSIII | FOG-Q |
|
Khedr et al. 2019 [41] |
United Kingdom | 11/19 |
57.4 ± 10.0/ 60.7 ± 8.8 |
6.5 ± 3.7 5.7 ± 3.9 |
①/rTMS | 20 Hz | 90%RMT | M1 |
10times/d, 5d/w |
- | - | - | UPDRSIII | - |
|
Cohen et al. 2018 [42] |
United Kingdom | 21/21 |
66.8 ± 8.1/ 64.4 ± 6.8 |
5.6 ± 3.7 4.7 ± 3.4 |
①/rTMS | 1/10Hz |
110%/ 100%RMT |
M1/DLPFC | 1times/d, 12w | - | - | TUGT | - | - |
|
Brys et al. 2016 [43] |
United Kingdom | 15/12 |
64.0 ± 7.4/ 64.6 ± 12.3 |
4.5 ± 2.2 7.7 ± 4.2 |
①/rTMS | 10 Hz | - | Left DLPFC | 2,000times/d, 10d | - | HAMD | - | UPDRSIII | - |
|
Kim et al. 2015 [44] |
South Korea | 17 | 64.5 ± 8.4 | 7.8 ± 4.9 | ①/rTMS | 10 Hz | 90%RMT | M1 | 5times/w | - | - | TUGT | UPDRSIII | FOG-Q |
|
Pal et al. 2010 [46] |
United Kingdom | 10/12 |
67.5(57.0,72.0)/ 68.5(59.5,70.0) |
6.5(3.75–10.5) 6.0(3.0–9.5) |
①/rTMS | 5 Hz | 90%RMT | Left DLPFC | 600times/d,10 d | - | - | TUGT | UPDRSIII | - |
|
Benninger et al. 2012 [45] |
United States | 13/13 |
63.7 ± 8.3/ 64.5 ± 9.1 |
9.3 ± 6.8 8.6 ± 4.1 |
①/rTMS | 50 Hz | 80%AMT | M1 | 1times/d, 4d/w, 2w | - | - | - | - | FOG-Q |
Notes: T represents the Experimental Group; C represents the Control Group; M1 refers to the Primary Motor Cortex; SMA stands for the Supplementary Motor Area; PFC indicates the Prefrontal Cortex; MT refers to the Motor Threshold; AMT denotes the Active Motor Threshold; RMT is the Resting Motor Threshold. M: month The interventions are categorized as follows: ① Sham Stimulation, ② Conventional Anti-Parkinson Medication ③ Cognitive Training