Table 1.

A Comparison of MSC-Exos Derived from Different Sources

Exosome type	Sources	Morphology	Markers	Advantages	Common applications	Ref
ADSC-Exos	Adipose tissue and inguinal fat pads	A circular shape with concave sides ranging from 20–300 nm diameter.	CD9, CD63, CD81, TSG101, Hsp70, Hsp90, PPARγ2, leptin, adiponectin	This source is rich in reserves and easy to access. The proteins of ADSC-Exos mainly involve immune responses of leukocyte activation.	Wound healing, inflammation suppression, and musculoskeletal disorder treatment; eg, osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, and tendon injury.	[44,47]
BMSC-Exos	Bone marrow	A round or elliptical shape ranging from 50–150 nm diameter.	CD9, CD44, CD63, CD81, Alix, TSG101, Hsp70, flotillin-1, sntenin1	BMSC-Exos have good osteogenesis and chondrogenicity potential and excellent biocompatibility (B7).	Organ tissue regeneration and bone metabolism-related disease; eg, osteoporosis, fracture, and incomplete bone healing.	[50,51]
HUCMSC-Exos	Umbilical cord	A spherical morphology ranging from 40–100 nm diameter.	CD9, CD63, CD81, Alix, TSG101	HucMSC-Exos have high proliferation and self-renewal rates. They alleviate oxidative stress and strengthen vascular remodeling.	Brain injury and kidney disease repair and wound healing; eg, photodamage, burns, skin injury, and scar formation.	[52,53]
SFMSCs-Exos	Synovial fluid in arthritis	Diameters ranging from 60–120 nm.	CD9, CD63, CD81, TSG101	Local MSC-Exos may have priority in promoting remodeling. They express the hyaluronan receptor CD44 and synthesize enzymes.	Mainly applied to localized joints for disease treatment; eg, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, and osteoarthritis.	[14,54]