Table 2.

Studies of ADSC-Exos in Bone Defect Models

Disease	Related pathway	Mechanism	Dose and delivery	Subject	Ref
ONFH	Overexpression of miR-378, Sufu, Shh	Promoting proliferation, migration, and osteogenic differentiation; improving angiogenesis and osteogenesis.	50 μg/mL in vitro; 100 μg via intravenous tail injection in vivo.	Rat	[78]
Fracture	Wnt3a/β-catenin	Promoting osteogenic differentiation; improving femur fracture healing.	200 μg/mL in vitro; 600 μL (200 μg/mL) via local injection in vitro.	Rat	[73]
OP	MIR-146a	Inhibiting inflammatory responses and bone resorption in osteoclasts.	1.6 mg/kg via intravenous tail injection in vivo.	Rat	[101]
OP	MIR-122-5p, SPRY2, MAPK	WSTLZT pre-treatment; regulating differentiation; improving bone microarchitecture and bone-fat balance	30 μg via intravenous tail injection in vitro.	Mice	[98]
OP	NLRP3	Suppressing pro-inflammatory cytokine secretions of osteoclasts; reversing bone mineral loss.	0.1, 0.2, 0.5, and 1.0 μg/μL in vitro; 1.6 mg/kg via intravenous tail injection in vivo.	Rat	[100]

Abbreviations: ONFH: osteonecrosis of the femoral head, OP: osteoporosis.