Table 3.

Studies of ADSC-Exos in Cartilage Damage Models

Disease	Related pathway	Mechanism	Dose and delivery	Subject	Ref
OA	miR-376c-3p, Wnt/β-catenin	Regulating chondrocyte and synovial fibroblast function; mitigating OA processes.	10 μg/mL in vitro; 100 μg via intra-articular injection in vivo.	Mice	[120]
OA	COL2A1, SOX9, ACAN	PEMF pre-treatment; suppressing the degeneration and inflammation of chondrocytes; reversing cartilage damage.	1×108 particles/mL in vitro; 10 μL (1×109 particles/mL) via intra-articular injection in vivo.	Rat	[122]
OA	miR-451-5p	TE pre-treatment; maintaining the chondrocyte phenotype; promoting cartilage repair.	5×108 particles/mL in vitro; 10 μL (1×1010 particles/mL) via intra-articular injection in vivo.	Rat	[121]
IVDD	miR-155-5p, TGFβR2	Promoting autophagy and inhibiting pyroptosis in NPCs; alleviating IVDD symptoms.	100 μg/mL in vitro; 1.5×106 particles/mL via local injection in vivo.	Rat	[131]

Abbreviations: OA: osteoarthritis, IVDD: intervertebral disc degeneration, NPC: nucleus pulposus cell.